Classicism & Romanticism Timeline by Randi Lee K.

Spain recaptures Granada from the Moors (Granada Day)

Jan 2, 1492

"Pentateuch" (Jewish holy book) 1st printed

Jan 23, 1492

Christopher Columbus returns to Spain after 1st new world voyage

Mar 15, 1492

Edict of Explusion

Mar 30, 1492

King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella sign decree expelling Jews from Spain.

Queen Isabella of Castilia & Ferdinand of Aragon expels Jews

Mar 31, 1492

Christopher Columbus signs contract with Spain to find Indies

Apr 17, 1492

Cheese & Bread rebellion: German mercenaries kills 232 Alkmaarse

May 15, 1492

Jews are expelled from Spain by King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella

Aug 2, 1492

Columbus sets sail from Palos, Spain for "Indies"

Aug 3, 1492

King Henry VII of England invades France

Oct 2, 1492

Columbus discovers America

Oct 21, 1492

Lead pencils 1st used

Oct 26, 1492

Christopher Columbus discovers Cuba & claims it for Spain

Oct 27, 1492

Peace of Etaples (Henry VII & Charles VIII)

Nov 9, 1492

1st Spanish settlement in New World founded, by Columbus

Dec 26, 1492

1st sight of manatees (by Christopher Columbus)

Jan 9, 1493

Georg Alt's German translation of Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle is published.

Dec 23, 1493

Jamaica discovered by Columbus; he names it "St Iago"

May 3, 1494

Treaty of Tordesillas, Spain & Portugal divide America

Jun 7, 1494

Family de' Medici become rulers of Florence

Nov 9, 1494

French king Charles VIII occupies Florence

Nov 18, 1494

French King Charles VIII enters Naples to claim crown

Feb 22, 1495

French King Charles VIII leaves Naples

May 20, 1495

Anti-French Saint League

May 31, 1495

Emperor Maximilian, Pope Alexander VI, Milan, King Ferdinand, Isabella & Venice sign anti-French Saint League.

1st written record of Scotch Whiskey

Jun 1, 1495

Appears in Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, Friar John Cor is the distiller.

Battle at Fornovo

Jul 6, 1495

French King Charles VIII beats St. League.

King Ferdinand II returns to Naples

Jul 7, 1495

French viceroy of Naples Montpensier surrenders

Jul 20, 1495

Scottish king James IV receives bedrieger Perkin Warbeck

Nov 27, 1495

Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.

Jan 3, 1496

Moorish fortress Alhambra, near Grenada, surrenders to the Christi

Jan 6, 1496

England's Henry VII ends commercial dispute with Flanders

Feb 24, 1496

English king Henry VII hires John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) to explore

Mar 5, 1496

Jews are expelled from Carintha Austria

Mar 9, 1496

Jews are expelled from Syria

Mar 12, 1496

Emperor Maximiliaans daughter marries Spanish crown prince Johan of Aragon/Philip de Blank marries Johanna "the Waanzinnige" of Aragon

Oct 21, 1496

Jews are expelled from Portugal by order of King Manuel I

Dec 5, 1496

Jews are expelled from Graz in Styria, Austria

Jan 6, 1497

Italians troops reconquer Taranto on France

Feb 25, 1497

Nicolaus Copernicus 1st recorded astronomical observation

Mar 9, 1497

Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola

May 13, 1497

Battle of Deptford Bridge

Jun 17, 1497

Forces under King Henry VII soundly defeat troops led by Michael An Gof.

Antitax insurrection in Cornwall suppressed at Blackheath

Jun 22, 1497

John Cabot claims eastern Canada for England (believes he found Asia in Nova Scotia)

Jun 24, 1497

Vasco da Gama departs for trip to India

Jul 8, 1497

Sailor Perkin Warbeck becomes English King Richard IV

Sep 7, 1497

Crowd storms Savonarola's convent San Marco Florence, Italy

Apr 7, 1498

Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrives at Calcutta India

May 20, 1498

Columbus departs with 6 ships for 3rd trip to America

May 30, 1498

Toothbrush invented

Jun 26, 1498

Emperor Maximilian names Albrecht governor of Netherlands

Jul 20, 1498

Christopher Columbus lands on "Isla Santa" (Venezuela)

Aug 1, 1498

Michelangelo is commissioned to carve the Pietà.

Aug 26, 1498

France & Venice sign treaty against Milan

Feb 9, 1499

Switzerland became an independent state.

Sep 22, 1499

Publication of the "Catholicon" in Treguier (Brittany).

Nov 5, 1499

This Breton-French-Latin dictionary was written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc. It is the first Breton dictionary as well as the first French dictionary.

Leonardo da Vinci c.1480-1520

Jan 1, 1500

High Renaissance: 1452-1519 The word 'Renaissance' means 'rebirth' - a rebirth of the classical ideals from Ancient Rome and Greece. The High Renaissance marks the pinnacle of artistic development in this period of Italian art. The great artists of the High Renaissance were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti from Florence, Raphael Sanzio from Umbria, and Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) and Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) from Venice. They painted artwor

Pope Alexander VI accept Treaty of Granada

Jun 25, 1500

"Blood Wedding" of Astorre Baglione & Lavinia Colonna in Perugia family Baglione massacre

Jul 15, 1500

Duke Albrecht of Saxon beats Friese rebellion

Jul 15, 1500

Treaty of Granada: France & Aragon divide Naples

Nov 11, 1500

Martin Luther, age 17, enters the University of Erfurt.

Jan 14, 1501

Joao da Nova Castell discovers Ascension Islands

May 20, 1501

Copernicus formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral

Jul 27, 1501

Maximilian of Austria & Louis XII sign Treaty of Trente

Oct 13, 1501

English crown prince Arthur marries Catharina of Aragon

Oct 15, 1501

Portuguese navigators discover Rio de Janeiro

Jan 1, 1502

Granada Moslems forced to convert to Catholicism

Feb 12, 1502

Austrian emperor Maximilian I reformats government machine

Feb 25, 1502

Tebriz shah Ismail I of Persia crowned

Mar 11, 1502

Emperor Maximilian I & England sign treaty of Antwerp

Jun 19, 1502

Jacobus IV of Scotland marries Margaretha Tudor

Aug 8, 1502

Casa Contratacion (Board of Trade) found (Spain) to deal with American affairs

Jan 20, 1503

Disfida di Barletta

Feb 13, 1503

Famous challenge between 13 Italian and 13 French knights near Barletta.

Henry Tudor created Prince of Wales (later Henry VIII)

Feb 18, 1503

Columbus discovers Cayman Islands

May 10, 1503

Michelangelo begins work on his statue of David.

Sep 13, 1503

Queen Isabella of Spain bans violence against indians

Oct 30, 1503

King Louis XII loses last bulwark in Naples, Caeta

Jan 10, 1504

Treaty of Lyons

Jan 31, 1504

French cede Naples to Ferdinand of Aragon

Columbus uses a lunar eclipse to frighten hostile Jamaican Indians

Feb 29, 1504

France & Spain signs ceasefire

Mar 31, 1504

English guilds/corp goes under state control

Apr 1, 1504

Michelangelo's David is unveiled in Florence.

Sep 8, 1504

Treaty of Blois

Sep 22, 1504

Philip van Bourgondie & Maximilian I & Louis XII

The cornerstone of the current St. Peter's Basilica is laid.

Apr 18, 1506

England & Netherlands sign trade agreement

Jun 5, 1507

Maximilian I assumes imperial title without being crowned

Feb 4, 1508

Maximilian I crowned Holy Roman Emperor

Feb 6, 1508

France declares war on Venice

Apr 7, 1509

French army under Louis XII enters Alps

Apr 16, 1509

Henry the VIII becomes King of England

Apr 21, 1509

Henry VIII ascended to throne of England

Apr 22, 1509

King Henry VIII marries wife #1 Catharina of Aragon

Jun 11, 1509

Henry VIII crowned King of England

Jun 24, 1509

Emperor Krishnadeva Raya is crowned

Aug 8, 1509

Marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Storm ravages Flemish/Dutch/Friese coast, 1000s killed

Sep 27, 1509

Jews are expelled from Colmar Germany

Jan 22, 1510

Pope Julius II excommunicates the republic of Venice

Feb 24, 1510

38 Jews are burned at stake in Berlin Prussia

Jul 19, 1510

The Portuguese conquer Malacca

Aug 28, 1511

England signs on to the Saint League

Nov 13, 1511

Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (Doctor in Biblia)

Oct 19, 1512

Michelangelo's paintings on ceiling of Sistine Chapel, 1st exhibited

Nov 1, 1512

Medici's discharge Niccolo Machiavelli from Florence

Nov 7, 1512

The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos

Dec 27, 1512

Governing the conduct of settlers with regards to native Indians in the New World.

Copernicus makes his 1st observations of Saturn

Apr 26, 1514

King Francis I of France succeeds to the French throne.

Jan 1, 1515

Francois, Duke of Angouleme succeeds Louis XII as Francois I of France

Jun 1, 1515

Congress of Vienna settles issues between Poland & Holy Roman Empire

Jul 22, 1515

Battle at Marignano

Sep 13, 1515

France beats Habsburgers & Pope Leo X.

Battle at Marignano

Sep 14, 1515

Battle at Marignano ends in French/Venetian victory.

Thomas Cardinal Wolsey is invested as a Cardinal

Nov 15, 1515

Thomas Wolsey appointed English Lord Chancellor

Dec 24, 1515

The Treaty of Noyon between France and Spain is signed.

Aug 13, 1516

Francis recognises Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles recognises Francis's claim to Milan.

1st burning of Protestants at stake in Netherlands

Jul 1, 1517

Luther posts 95 theses on Wittenberg church-Protestant Reformation

Oct 31, 1517

Bona Sforza is crowned as queen consort of Poland.

Apr 18, 1518

Treaty of St Truiden

Apr 27, 1518

Anti-French Trapdoors/Bourgondisch covenant.

Ferdinand Magellan starts 1st successful circumnavigation of world

Sep 20, 1519

King Charles V & King Henry VIII signs treaty of Calais

Jul 10, 1520

1st public burning of books in Netherlands, in Louvain

Oct 7, 1520

Stockholm Bloodbath begins

Nov 8, 1520

A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 people.

French king Francois I declares war on Spain

Apr 22, 1521

Edict of Worms outlaws Martin Luther & his followers

May 25, 1521

Duke of Albany takes captured French back to Scotland

Jan 30, 1522

Treaty of Brussels

Feb 7, 1522

Treaty of Brussels

Feb 7, 1522

Habsburgers split into Spanish/Austrian Branches

Boer War

Jul 19, 1524

Begins in Germany's Black Forest.

The Swiss Anabaptist Movement

Jan 21, 1525

When Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother in Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.

Paris' parliament begins pursuit of Protestants

Mar 20, 1525

Battle of Frankenhausen

May 15, 1525

Ends the Peasants War.

German Boer Army

May 15, 1525

Surrounded/slaughters 5,000; ends Boer war.

Tax revolt in Hertogenbosch

Jun 9, 1525

Charles V & Francis I sign Treaty of Madrid

Jan 14, 1526

Francis I forced to give up claims in Burgundy, Italy & Flanders

Jan 14, 1526

Saxony & Hesse form League of Gotha (league of Protestant princes)

Feb 27, 1526

Emperor Charles V marries princess Isabella of Portugal

Mar 10, 1526

King Francois I returns Spanish captivity to France

Mar 26, 1526

Jews are expelled from Pressburg Hungary by Maria of Hapsburg

Nov 9, 1526

John I Zapolyai of Transsylvania chosen as king of Hungary

Nov 10, 1526

Ferdinand of Austria chosen as King of Bohemia

Dec 17, 1526

Ferdinand of Austria crowned as king of Bohemia

Feb 24, 1527

U of Marburg (Germany) founded

Mar 30, 1527

England & France sign treaty of Westminster

Apr 30, 1527

Ending of Renaissance

May 6, 1527

Spanish & German Imperial troops sack Rome; ending Renaissance.

Florence becomes a republic

May 16, 1527

Gustaaf I begins Reformation in Sweden, taking RC possessions

Jun 24, 1527

First known letter was sent from North America by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.

Aug 3, 1527

England & France declare war on Emperor Charles V

Jan 22, 1528

Treaty of Dordrecht

Feb 12, 1528

Between Emperor & Ecclesiastical power.

Treaty of Saragosa

Apr 22, 1529

Spain & Portugal divide eastern hemisphere.

30 Jews of Posing Hungary

May 27, 1529

Charged with blood ritual, burned at stake.

Zurich declares war on Catholic kantons

Jun 9, 1529

Blackfriars begin

Jun 18, 1529

Henry VIII & Catharina of Aragon

Zurich & catholic kantons sign Peace of Kappel

Jun 24, 1529

Emperor Karel V & Pope Clemens VII sign Treaty of Barcelona

Jun 29, 1529

Sultan Suleiman II ceases Vienna

Oct 14, 1529

Thomas More appointed English Lord Chancellor

Oct 26, 1529

King Henry VIII's divorce request is denied by the Pope Henry then declares that he, not the Pope, is supreme head of England's church

Mar 7, 1530

Luther advises protestant monarch compromise

Sep 20, 1530

Henry VIII recognized as supreme head of Church in England

Feb 11, 1531

English parliament bans payments by English church to Rome

Mar 18, 1532

Henry VIII & Francois I signs secret treaty against emperor Karel V

Jun 23, 1532

Pope Clemens VII tells Henry VIII to end relationship with Anna Boleyn

Nov 15, 1532

England's King Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn

Jan 25, 1533

Henry VIII divorces his 1st wife, Catherine of Aragon

Jan 25, 1533

Thomas Cranmer becomes archbishop of Canterbury

Mar 30, 1533

King Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon marriage declared null & void

May 23, 1533

England's archbishop voids King Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn's marriage

May 28, 1533

Anne Boleyn crowned queen of England

Jun 1, 1533

Pope Clement VII excommunicated England's King Henry VIII

Jun 11, 1533

Lubeck accept free Dutch ships into East Sea

Mar 26, 1534

French navigator Jacques Cartier reaches Newfoundland

May 10, 1534

Henry VIII declares himself head of English Church

Jan 15, 1535

Pope Paul II deposed & excommunicated King Henry VIII

Aug 31, 1535

France & Turkey sign milt/trade agreement against King Karel

Feb 18, 1536

"Institutes of the Christian Religion"

Mar 1, 1536

John Calvin publishes the first edition of his "Institutes of the Christian Religion"

King Henry VIII, orders bible be placed in every church

May 6, 1536

Anne Boleyns 4 "lovers" executed

May 17, 1536

Pope Paul III installs Portugese inquisition

May 23, 1536

English king Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour

May 30, 1536

Danish/Norw king Christian III leads reform in Catholic possessions

Oct 20, 1536

French troops invade Flanders

Mar 17, 1537

King Christian III publishes "Ordinance on the Danish Church"

Sep 2, 1537

The first complete English-language Bible (the Matthew Bible) is printed, with translations by William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale.

Oct 4, 1537

Geneva expels John Calvin and his followers from the city.

May 26, 1538

Calvin lives in exile in Strasbourg for the next three years.

Treaty of Nice

Jun 18, 1538

Ends war between Emperor Charles V & King French I

Turkish-Portuguese War - Battle of Wofla

Aug 28, 1538

The Portuguese are scattered, their leader Christovão da Gama is captured and afterwards executed.

King Francois I orders renewed pursuit of Protestants

Dec 16, 1538

Pope Paul III excommunicated England's King Henry VIII

Dec 17, 1538

Council of Trent

Jun 10, 1539

Paul III sends out letters to his bishops, delaying the Council due to war and the difficulty bishops had traveling to Venice.

King Henry VIII & Anna of Kleef marry

Oct 4, 1539

Venice & Turkey sign Treaty of Constantinople

May 4, 1540

Henry VIII divorces his 4th wife, Anne of Cleves

Jun 24, 1540

England's King Henry VIII 6-mo marriage to Anne of Cleves annulled

Jul 9, 1540

English King Henry VIII marries Catharine Howard, his 5th wife

Jul 28, 1540

Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius Loyola

Sep 27, 1540

Venice/Turkey signs peace

Oct 2, 1540

Irish parliament selects Henry VIII as king of Ireland

Jun 18, 1541

Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima

Jun 26, 1541

By the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed.

Michelangelo Buonarroti's paints "last judgement" in 16th Chapel

Oct 31, 1541

Queen Catharine Howard confined in London Tower

Nov 9, 1541

Parliament passes bill of attainder against Queen Katherine Howard

Jan 21, 1542

Pope Paul III begins Protestant Inquisition

Jun 21, 1542

French troops leave Flanders

Aug 2, 1542

Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen Mary I of Scotland.

Dec 14, 1542

England & Scotland sign Peace treaty of Greenwich

Jul 1, 1543

Peace of Crépy

Sep 18, 1544

German emperor Charles V & French King Francois I

Antwerps painter John Matsys banished

Nov 10, 1544

Willem of Nassau becomes prince of Orange

Feb 13, 1545

First meeting of the Council of Trent.

Mar 15, 1545

Having published nothing for eleven years, Francois Rabelais publishes the "Tiers Livre," his sequel to Gargantua and Pantagruel.

Jan 23, 1546

England signs Peace of Andres with Scotland/Ireland

Jun 7, 1546

Edward VI succeeds Henry VIII as king of England

Jan 28, 1547

Russian czar Ivan IV marries Anastasia Romanova

Feb 3, 1547

Henry II succeeds Francois I as king of France

Mar 31, 1547

Charles demands creation of Imperial League (German state)

Sep 1, 1547

English demand Edward VI, 10, wed Mary Queen of Scots, 5

Sep 10, 1547

Emperor Charles V orders Catholics to become Lutherans

Jun 30, 1548

Mary queen of Scotland (6) arrives in France

Aug 15, 1548

Book of Common Prayer is adopted by the Church of England

Jun 9, 1549

England enforces Act of Supremacy

Jun 9, 1549

France declares war on England

Aug 8, 1549

France & England sign Peace of Boulogne

Mar 24, 1550

Jews are expelled from Genoa Italy

Apr 2, 1550

Powers of Dutch inquisition extends

Apr 28, 1550

Chocolate introduced

Jul 7, 1550

Willem of Orange weds countess Anna van Egmond & Buren

Jul 8, 1551

Dutch west coast hit by heavy storm, 100s killed

Jan 12, 1552

2nd version of Book of Common Prayer becomes manditory in England

Jan 23, 1552

Treaty of Passau

Aug 2, 1552

Flemish woman introduces practice of starching linen into England

Apr 29, 1553

Christ's Hospital in England granted a charter

Jun 26, 1553

Lady Jane Grey becomes queen of England

Jul 10, 1553

Lady Jane Grey deposed

Jul 19, 1553

Lady Jane Grey deposed as England's Queen after 9 days.

Michael Servetus is arrested

Aug 13, 1553

By John Calvin in Geneva as a heretic.

Volumes of Talmud are burned

Oct 21, 1553

Condemned as a heretic, Michael Servetus is burned at the stake just outside Geneva.

Oct 27, 1553

Calvinists are granted rights in the Netherlands.

Aug 23, 1555

Freedom of Religion in Augsburg

Sep 25, 1555

The English Parliament re-establishes Catholicism.

Nov 12, 1555

William of Orange becomes member of Council of State

Nov 17, 1555

Willem of Orange becomes knight of Guilder Flies

Jan 27, 1556

Kings Henri I & Philip II sign Treaty of Vaucelles

Feb 5, 1556

Karel V's son Philip II crowned king of Spain

Mar 28, 1556

Portuguese Marranos who revert back to Judaism burned by order of Pope

Apr 13, 1556

King Philip II confers with Dutch financial experts

Nov 23, 1556

England declares war on France

Jun 7, 1557

Catholic & Lutheran theology debated in Worm

Sep 11, 1557

Smoking tobacco introduced in Europe by Francisco Fernandes

Mar 5, 1558

Czar Ivan IV gives parts of North-Russia to fur traders

Apr 4, 1558

1st printing of Zohar (Jewish Kabbalah)

Aug 4, 1558

Elizabeth I ascends English throne

Nov 17, 1558

Charles V, German emperor, buried

Dec 29, 1558

Elizabeth I crowned queen of England in Westminster Abbey

Jan 13, 1559

Jewish quarter of Prague burned & looted

Jun 22, 1559

Spanish explorer de Luna lands in Pensacola Bay,Fla

Aug 14, 1559

5 Spanish ships sinks in storm off Tampa, about 600 die

Sep 19, 1559

Spanish king Philip II marries Elisabeth van Valois

Jan 31, 1560

England/Scotland signs Treaty of Edinburgh

Jul 6, 1560

Tycho Brahe becomes interested in astronomy

Aug 21, 1560

Willem of Orange marries duchess Anna of Saxon

Aug 24, 1561

King Philip II of Spain forbids Spanish settlements in Florida

Sep 23, 1561

Blood bath at Vassy

Mar 1, 1562

Gen de Guise allows 1200 Huguenots murder.

Kissing in public banned in Naples (punishable by death)

Mar 9, 1562

Peace of Amboise

Mar 19, 1563

Rights for Huguenots

Jews are expelled from France by order of Charles VI

Apr 30, 1563

Jewish community of Neutitschlin Moravia expelled

Aug 30, 1563

The Council of Trent issued its conclusions in the Tridentinum, establishing a distinction between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.

Jan 26, 1564

William Shakespeare baptized

Apr 26, 1564

Mary Queen of Scots marries her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley

Jul 29, 1565

Iconoclasm begins

Aug 10, 1566

Iconoclasm reaches Antwerp Belgium

Aug 20, 1566

Iconoclastic fury begins in Dutch province Utrecht

Aug 25, 1566

Dutch prince William of Orange flees from Antwerp to Breda

Apr 11, 1567

Mary, Queen of Scots, imprisoned in Lochleven Castle prison Scotland

Jun 16, 1567

Mary Queen of Scots is forced to abdicate & 1-year-old James VI becomes King of Scotland

Jul 24, 1567

James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.

Jul 29, 1567

Duke of Alva becomes land guardian of Netherlands

Oct 6, 1567

The 80 Years' War, Dutch Revolt begins

May 8, 1568

English queen Elizabeth I arrests Scottish queen Mary

May 19, 1568

The Netherlands declare their independence from Spain.

May 23, 1568

Duke van Alva beheads 18 nobles in Brussels

Jun 1, 1568

Conference of York begins

Oct 5, 1568

Trial against Mary Stuart

1st recorded lottery in England is drawn in St Paul's Cathedral

Jan 11, 1569

Spanish viceroy Alva banishes Zutphen City's only physician, Joost Sweiter, "because he is a Jew"

Jan 4, 1570

Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland, assassinated; civil war breaks out

Jan 23, 1570

Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth, absolves her subjects from allegiance

Feb 25, 1570

King Philip II bans foreign Dutch students

Mar 4, 1570

Egidius Coppens publishes Abraham Ortelius' "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum"

May 20, 1570

1st atlas, with 70 maps, published

May 22, 1570

A tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1,000 people.

Nov 2, 1570

Queen Elizabeth I opens Royal Exchange in London

Jan 23, 1571

Johannes Kepler, by his own calculations, is conceived at 4:37 AM

May 16, 1571

Catholic coup in Scotland

Sep 4, 1571

Eighty Years' War

Apr 1, 1572

The Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Spaniards, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.

Caravaggio, Italy, painter birth

Sep 29, 1573

University Leiden founded, and given the motto "Praesidium Libertatis"

Feb 7, 1575

French Roman Catholics & Huguenots signs treaty

Nov 8, 1575

Dutch provinces begin consultation about Spanish existence

Oct 19, 1576

Eighty Years' War

Nov 4, 1576

In Flanders, Spain captures Antwerp (after three days the city was nearly destroyed).

Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent

Nov 8, 1576

17 Dutch provinces sign anti-Spanish covenant.

Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent

Nov 8, 1576

17 Dutch provinces sign anti-Spanish covenant

Spanish land guardian Don Juan of Habsburg signs "Eternal Edict"

Feb 12, 1577

Pope Gregory XIII asks renewal of ecclesiastical hymns

Oct 25, 1577

Tycho Brahe 1st sketches "Tychonic system" of solar system

Feb 13, 1578

William Harvey of England discovers blood circulation

Apr 1, 1578

Duel of the Mignons claims the lives of two favorites of Henry III of France and two favorites of Henry I, Duke of Guise.

Apr 27, 1578

The Union of Atrecht is signed.

Jan 6, 1579

Treaty of Utrecht signed, marks beginning of Dutch Republic

Jan 25, 1579

Treaty of Parma

May 17, 1579

Artois/Henegouwen/French-Flanders sign treaty recognizing Spanish duke van Parma as land guardian.

Anti-English uprising in Ireland

Jun 17, 1579

Prince Willem of Orange welcomed in Amsterdam

Mar 17, 1580

Ostrog Bible, the first printed Bible in a Slavic language, is published.

Jun 12, 1580

Phillip II of Spain declares William the Silent to be an outlaw.

Jun 15, 1580

Book of Concord, standards of Lutheran Church, 1st published

Jun 25, 1580

French Huguenots & Roman Catholics sign peace treaty

Nov 26, 1580

English parliament passes laws against Catholicism

Jan 16, 1581

States of Holland/Zealand recognized by Willem van Orange

Jul 24, 1581

Commissioned by Catherine De Medici, the 1st ballet "Ballet Comique de la Reine," is staged in Paris

Oct 15, 1581

Pope Gregory XIII announces New Style (Gregorian) calendar

Feb 24, 1582

King James IV of Scotland captured

Aug 22, 1582

Gregorian calendar introduced in Italy, other Catholic countries

Oct 15, 1582

William Shakespeare marries Anne Hathaway

Nov 27, 1582

1st day of the Gregorian calendar in Holland & Flanders

Jan 1, 1583

Richard Martin of London takes out 1st life insurance policy, on William Gibbons, premium was £383

Jun 18, 1583

Richard Martin of London takes out 1st life insurance policy, on William Gibbons, premium was £383

Jun 18, 1583

William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft

Jul 10, 1584

English parliament throws out Jesuits

Nov 23, 1584

The Olympic Theatre, designed by Andrea Palladio, is inaugurated in Vicenza.

Mar 3, 1585

King Henri III & Duke De Guise signs Treaty of Nemours.

Jul 7, 1585

French Huguenots lose all freedoms

King Henri III & Duke De Guise signs Treaty of Nemours: French Huguenots lose all freedoms

Jul 7, 1585

English secret service discovers Anthony Babingtons murder plot against queen Elizabeth I

Jul 17, 1585

Queen Elizabeth I signs Treaty of Nonsuch

Aug 20, 1585

Aid to Netherland

Duke van Parma's troops occupy Antwerp

Aug 27, 1585

Sir Thomas Harriot introduces potatoes to Europe

Jul 28, 1586

English queen Elizabeth I signs Mary Stuarts death sentence

Feb 1, 1587

Spanish Armada sails to overthrow England's Queen Elizabeth I

Jul 28, 1588

Attacking Spanish Armada defeated & scattered by English defenders

Jul 29, 1588

Anne of Denmark is crowned Queen of Scotland.

May 17, 1591

Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.

May 18, 1593

France's Protestant King Henri IV converts to Roman Catholic

Jul 25, 1593

State of Holland grants patent on windmill with crankshaft

Dec 15, 1593

Henri IV crowned king of France

Feb 27, 1594

Fleming Pieter Stevens appointed royal painter of Rudolf II (Prague)

Apr 15, 1594

Nicolas Poussin, French painter birth

Jun 15, 1594

Henry IV of France declares war on Spain.

Jan 17, 1595

Johannes Kepler inscribes geometric solid construction of universe

Jul 8, 1595

Catholic League disjoins Catholic League disjoins

Jan 31, 1596

England, France & Netherlands signs Drievoudig Covenant against Spain

May 26, 1596

David Fabricius discovers light variation of Mira (1st variable star)

Aug 3, 1596

English/French/Dutch delegates sign anti-Spanish "Drievoudig Covenant"

Oct 31, 1596

Flemish painter Frederick of Valckenborch becomes porter of Frankfurt-on-Main

Feb 24, 1597

Shakespeare's "The Merry Wives of Windsor" is 1st performed

Apr 23, 1597

1st Dutch East India Company ships returned from Far East

Aug 20, 1597

Edict of Nantes grants political rights to French Huguenots

Apr 13, 1598

1st theater performance in America (Spanish comedy-Rio Grande)

Apr 30, 1598

Arch duke Albrecht & Isabella become monarch of Southern Netherlands

May 6, 1598

King Philip II moves to Escorial palace

Jun 30, 1598

Deed of Transfers proclaims Netherlands independence

Aug 21, 1598

Seven Year War: Battle of Noryang Point

Dec 16, 1598

The final battle of the Seven Year War is fought between the Korean and Japanese navies, resulting in a decisive Korean victory.

Battle of Curalaba

Dec 21, 1598

The revolting Mapuche, led by cacique Pelentaru, inflict a major defeat on Spanish troops in southern Chile; all Spanish cities south of the Biobio river are eventually taken by the Mapuches, and all conquest of Mapuche territories by Europeans practically ceases, until the 1870s "Pacification of Araucania".

Caravaggio's 1st public commission for paintings

Jul 23, 1599

Nine Years War: Battle of Curlew Pass

Aug 15, 1599

Irish forces led by Hugh Roe O'Donnell successfully ambush English forces, led by Sir Conyers Clifford, sent to relieve Collooney Castle.

Dutch Golden Age begins

Jan 1, 1600

Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive

Feb 17, 1600

At Campo de' Fiori in Rome, charged of heresy.

Marriage of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici.

Dec 17, 1600

Ottario Rinuccini/Giulio Caccini's opera "Euridice" published

Dec 20, 1600

British East India Company chartered

Dec 31, 1600

British East India Company chartered

Dec 31, 1600

Robert, Earl of Essex leads revolt in London against Queen Elizabeth

Jan 7, 1601

Church authorities burn hebrew books in Rome

Jan 14, 1601

France gains Bresse, Bugey, Valromey & Gex in treaty with Spain

Jan 17, 1601

John Lancaster leads 1st East India Company voyage from London

Feb 13, 1601

Giulio Caccini's "Euridice," premieres in Florence

Dec 5, 1602

Scottish king James VI becomes King James I of England

Mar 24, 1603

James VI of Scotland is crowned the first king of Great Britain.

Jul 25, 1603

1st stones layed in Zuiderkerk Amsterdam

Aug 22, 1603

Leon VII Spanish poet's first poem is published: "La Cocina."

May 6, 1604

Supernova "Kepler's nova" 1st sighted

Oct 8, 1604

William Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello" 1st presented

Nov 1, 1604

he controversial play Eastward Hoe by Ben Jonson, George Chapman, and John Marston is performed, landing two of the authors in prison.

Jan 13, 1605

The first edition of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (Book One of Don Quixote) by Miguel de Cervantes is published in Madrid.

Jan 16, 1605

Gunpowder Plot; Catholics try to blow up English Parliament. Plot uncovered & leader Guy Fawkes hanged

Nov 5, 1605

Rembrandt van Rijn, Leiden Netherlands, painter is born

Jul 15, 1606

The first documented performance of Macbeth performed at the Great Hall at Hampton Court.

Aug 7, 1606

The Bank of Genoa fails

Jan 13, 1607

After announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain.

Claudio Monteverdi's opera "Orfeo," premieres in Mantua

Feb 24, 1607

Mentally ill emperor Rudolf II signs Treaty of Lieben=

Jun 25, 1607

Giving up Austria, Hungary & Moravia

Annales Ecclesiastici (Scientific History of Catholicism) published

Jun 30, 1607

"God Save the King" is 1st sung

Jul 7, 1607

Claudio Monteverdi's "Arianna," premieres in Mantua

May 28, 1608

Prototype of modern reflecting telescope

Oct 2, 1608

Completed by Jan Lippershey

Wisselbank of Amsterdam established

Jan 31, 1609

Henry Hudson embarks on an exploration for Dutch East India Co

Mar 25, 1609

Shakespeare's Sonnets are first published in London, perhaps illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.

May 20, 1609

Netherlands, England & France sign 12 year Covenant

Jun 17, 1609

Venetian senate examines Galileo Galilei's telescope

Aug 8, 1609

Galileo demonstrates his 1st telescope to Venetian lawmakers

Aug 25, 1609

Children's rhyme "Three Blind Mice," published in London

Oct 12, 1609

Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens

Dec 8, 1609

Opens its reading room, the second public library of Europe.

German astronomer Simon Marius 1st discovers the Jupiter moons, but does not officially report it, Galileo does on July 1 1610

Jan 1, 1610

Galileo discovers 1st 3 Jupiter satellites, Io, Europa & Ganymede

Jan 7, 1610

Galileo Galilei discovers Callisto, 4th satellite of Jupiter

Jan 13, 1610

Assassination of Henri IV of France

May 14, 1610

Parliament of Paris appoints Louis XIII (8) as French king

May 15, 1610

George Abbot appointed archbishop of Canterbury

Mar 4, 1611

Word "telescope" is 1st used (Prince Federico Cesi)

Apr 14, 1611

Establishment of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines, the oldest existing university in Asia and the largest Catholic university in the world.

Apr 28, 1611

ohn Fabricius dedicates earliest sunspot publication

Jun 13, 1611

Henry Hudson set adrift in Hudson Bay by mutineers on his ship Discovery & never seen again

Jun 22, 1611

Shakespeare's romantic comedy "Tempest" 1st presented

Nov 1, 1611

Simon Marius, is 1st to observe Andromeda galaxy through a telescope

Dec 15, 1612

King James I's daughter Elizabeth marries Frederik

Feb 14, 1613

Shakespeare's Globe Theater burns down

Jun 29, 1613

Amsterdam Bank of Loan forms

Apr 25, 1614

University of Groningen opens

Aug 23, 1614

Adriaen Block and 12 Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the New Netherland colony.

Oct 11, 1614

The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.

Sep 15, 1616

1st one-way streets open (London)

Aug 23, 1617

Francis Bacon becomes English lord chancellor

Jan 7, 1618

Johannes Kepler discovers harmonics law

May 15, 1618

Imperial civil servants thrown out a window of Prague Castle

May 23, 1618

2nd Defenestration of Prague; beginning of 30 Years War

May 23, 1618

English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.

Oct 29, 1618

Theatrum Anatomicum opens in Amsterdam

Apr 19, 1619

Thirty Years' War: Battle of Záblatí

Jun 10, 1619

A turning point in the Bohemian Revolt.

Remonstrant Society forms in Antwerp

Sep 30, 1619

Frederik V crowned king of Bohemia

Nov 4, 1619

René Descartes has the dreams

Nov 10, 1619

That inspire his Meditations on First Philosophy.

Construction of the oldest stone church in French North America, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, begins at Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.

Jun 3, 1620

Kepler's mother arrested for witchcraft

Aug 7, 1620

Battle at Ponts-the-Ce, Poitou

Aug 7, 1620

French king Louis XIII beats his mother Marie de Medici

1st stones layed in Western Tower

Sep 6, 1620

103 Mayflower pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock

Dec 21, 1620

French huguenots declare war on King Louis XIII

Dec 23, 1620

Hugo de Grote escapes in bookcase from Loevenstein castle, Neth

Mar 22, 1621

Sir Francis Bacon thrown into Tower of London

May 31, 1621

Galileo invents telescope

Dec 3, 1621

England declares war on Spain

Mar 10, 1624

Treaty of Vienna

May 8, 1624

Hung King Bethlen Gabor & Emperor Ferdinand II sign treaty.

Jacob Willekens & Piet Heyn conquer Salvador, Civil rights activist

May 10, 1624

1st submarine tested (London)

Sep 12, 1624

Charles I, King Of England, Scotland & Ireland, ascends English throne

Mar 27, 1625

Boers besiege Frankenburg estate in Upper-Austria

May 11, 1625

Earthquake hits Naples; 10,000 die

Jul 30, 1626

St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated.

Nov 18, 1626

St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated.

Nov 18, 1626

Spanish government goes bankrupt

Jan 31, 1627

Writs are issued in February by Charles I of England mandating that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date.

Mar 1, 1628

John Ford's "Lover's Melancholy," premieres in London

Nov 24, 1628

1st commercial fishery established

Apr 17, 1629

An earthquake in Naples, Italy kills 10,000 people.

Jul 30, 1629

Dutch West Indies Co grants religious freedom in West Indies

Oct 13, 1629

Italian Jesuit Niccolo Zucchi, 1st to see 2 belts on Jupiter surface

May 17, 1630

Failed palace revolution against Richelieu France

Nov 10, 1630

16,000 inhabitants of Venice died this month of plague

Nov 30, 1630

Accord of Fontainebleau

May 30, 1631

France/Maximilian van Bavarian signs.

Pierre Gassendi observes transit of Mercury predicted by Kepler

Nov 7, 1631

Mount Vesuvious, Italy erupts, destroys 6 villages & kills 4,000

Dec 16, 1631

Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published.

Feb 22, 1632

Foundation laid in Madrid for Buen Retiro-palace for king Philip IV

Jun 22, 1632

M Rossi's opera "Erminia sul Giordano," premieres in Rome

Feb 2, 1633

Galileo Galilei is forced by Inquisition

Jun 21, 1633

To "abjure, curse, & detest" his Copernican heliocentric views

Academie Francaise opens

Mar 13, 1634

the Burchardi flood — "the second Grote Mandrenke" killed around 15,000 men in North Friesland, Denmark and Germany.

Oct 11, 1634

Zorilla's "El Desafio de Carlos V," premieres in Madrid

May 28, 1635

Emperor Ferdinand II declares war on France

Sep 18, 1635

University of Utrecht opening ceremony

Mar 26, 1636

Schouwburg Theater, the 1st in Amsterdam, opens

Jan 3, 1638

Dutch Premier Van Joost speaks of "Hostage rights of Aemstel"

Jan 3, 1638

Rodger Ludlow publishes"Fundamental Orders of Connecticut"

Jan 14, 1639

Academie Francaise begins Dictionary of French Language

Feb 7, 1639

Pierre Corneilles "Horace," premieres in Paris

Mar 9, 1640

Uprising against Spanish king Philip IV

May 12, 1640

Second Bishop's War

Aug 28, 1640

King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn

English King Charles I signed a peace treaty with Scotland

Aug 29, 1640

Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641

Oct 23, 1641

Anniversary commemorated by Irish Protestants for over 200 years.

King Charles I & family flee London for Oxford

Jan 10, 1642

Civil War in England began between Royalists & Parliament

Aug 22, 1642

Archbishop William Laud

Jan 10, 1645

Beheaded at the Tower of London.

Battle of Great Torrington, Devon

Feb 16, 1646

The last major battle of the first English Civil War.

Scots agree to sell King Charles I to English Parliament for £400

Jan 30, 1647

Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.

Mar 14, 1647

The Irish Confederate Wars and Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Dungans Hill - English Parliamentary forces defeat Irish forces.

Aug 8, 1647

10,000 Jews of Polannoe murdered in Chmielnick massacre

Jul 22, 1648

Treaty of Westphalia ends 30 year war & Holy Roman Empire

Oct 24, 1648

Francesco Cavalli's opera "Giasone," premieres in Venice

Jan 5, 1649

Francesco Cavalli's opera "Giasone," premieres in Venice

Sep 11, 1649

Caravaggio: c.1600- 1700

Jan 1, 1650

Baroque: c 1571-1610 Baroque was a reaction against the artificial stylization of Mannerism. It spread throughout Europe during the 17th century. Among the great Baroque masters were the Italian painter Caravaggio and sculptor Bernini, the Flemish artist Rubens, Velazquez from Spain, and Rembrandt, the greatest of all Dutch painters.Baroque art is identified by realistic subjects that depict spectacular action and generate powerful emotions.

Jan Vermeer: c.1620-1670

Jan 1, 1650

Dutch Art: 1632-1675 With the spread of Protestantism in Holland and the rejection of Catholic Baroque, Dutch artists had to focus on secular subjects to which there were no objections on religious grounds. Consequently, Dutch art has become famous for its still lifes, portraits, landscapes, interiors and genre painting. Artists tended to specialize narrowly, often in one subject. For example, Willem Kalf painted still lifes, Frans Hals portraits, Jacob van Ruisdael lan.

Johan de Witt installed as Dutch pension advisor of Dordrecht

Dec 21, 1650

"Leviathan" published

Jan 1, 1651

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) seminal text is published.

English parliament proclaims Navigation Act off

Oct 9, 1651

Prince of Condé starts blood bath in Paris

Jul 4, 1652

England declares war on Netherlands

Jul 10, 1652

First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard begins and lasts until June 13.

Jun 12, 1653

Louis XIV crowned King of France

Jun 7, 1654

Anglo-Portuguese treaty, Portugal comes under English control

Jul 20, 1654

The Delft Explosion devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100.

Oct 12, 1654

French mathematician, scientist, and religious philosopher Blaise Pascal experiences an intense, mystical vision that marks him for life.

Nov 23, 1654

Christiaan Huygens discovers Titan, (Saturn's largest satellite)

Mar 25, 1655

Adriana Nooseman-van de Bergh is 1st actress in Amsterdam theater

Jun 13, 1655

Biggest townhall in the world opens in Amsterdam

Jul 29, 1655

Russo-Polish War (1654-1667): the Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years.

Jul 31, 1655

Blaise Pascal publishes the first of his Lettres provinciales.

Jan 23, 1656

Rembrandt declares he is insolvent

Jul 26, 1656

Treaty of Labiau: Sweden gives Prussia, Brandenburg

Sep 19, 1656

Artificial pearls 1st manufactured by M Jacquin in Paris made of gypsum pellets covered with fish scales

Dec 14, 1656

Pierre Corneille's "Oedipe," premieres in Paris

Jan 24, 1659

France, England & Netherlands sign "Hedges Concerto" treaty

May 22, 1659

English king Charles II sends Declaration of Breda (freedom of religion)

Apr 4, 1660

London Royal Society forms

Nov 28, 1660

Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England is ritually executed after having been dead for two years.

Jan 30, 1661

Isaac Newton admitted as a student to Trinity College, Cambridge

Jun 5, 1661

1st banknotes in Europe were issued by Bank of Stockholm

Jul 16, 1661

The Treaty of The Hague is signed by Portugal and the Dutch Republic.

Aug 6, 1661

Corporation Act enforced in England

Dec 20, 1661

Uniformity Act of England goes into effect

Mar 19, 1662

Theatre Royal in Drury Lane London opens

May 7, 1663

Louis XIV of France inaugurates The Palace of Versailles.

May 7, 1664

English king Charles II declares war on Netherlands

Mar 4, 1665

Jean Racine's "Alexandre le Grand," premieres in Paris

Dec 4, 1665

Great Fire of London

Sep 2, 1666

Begins at 2am in Pudding Lane, 80% of London is destroyed

1st public art exhibition (Palais-Royale, Paris)

Apr 9, 1667

John Milton sells the copyright of Paradise Lost for £10

Apr 27, 1667

Dr Jean-Baptiste Denys, French doctor, performs 1st blood transfusion

Jun 25, 1667

John Dryden (36) becomes 1st English poet laureate

Apr 13, 1668

1st peace of Aken: ends French-Spanish war in The Netherlands

May 2, 1668

French King Louis XIV limits freedom of religion

Feb 1, 1669

Volcano Etna in Italy erupts killing 15,000

Mar 11, 1669

John Lockes Constitution of English colony Carolina approved

Jul 21, 1669

Giovanni Cassini discovers Iapetus, satellite of Saturn

Oct 25, 1671

Isaac Newton reads 1st optics paper before Royal Society in London

Feb 8, 1672

King Charles II enacts Declaration of Indulgence

Mar 15, 1672

Former Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis are brutally murdered by an angry mob in The Hague.

Aug 20, 1672

Netherlands & England sign Peace of Westminster (NYC becomes English)

Feb 19, 1674

Court of Holland bans books of Hobbes/Spinoza/Meyer

Jul 19, 1674

John Flamsteed appointed 1st Astronomer Royal of England

Mar 4, 1675

Royal Greenwich Observatory established in England by Charles II

Jun 22, 1675

Portuguese-Jewish synagogue opens in Amsterdam

Aug 10, 1675

Christian Huygens patents pocket watch

Oct 4, 1675

Leibniz makes the first use of the long s, ∫, for integral.

Oct 29, 1675

Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of y = f(x) function.

Nov 11, 1675

John & Nicolaas van der Heyden patents fire extinguisher

Sep 21, 1677

Jean-Baptiste Lully's opera "Bellerophon," premieres in Paris

Jan 1, 1679

Habeaus Corpus Act (no false arrest & imprisonment) passes in UK

May 27, 1679

Hen in Rome lays an egg imprinted with comet not seen until Dec 16th

Dec 16, 1680

Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles.

May 6, 1682

Henry Purcell appointed organist of Chapel Royal, London

Jul 14, 1682

English astronomer Edmund Halley sees his namesake comet

Sep 4, 1682

The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, opens as the world's first university museum.

Jun 6, 1683

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek reports existence of bacteria

Sep 17, 1683

Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.

Dec 10, 1684

Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, outlaws Protestantism

Oct 18, 1685

1st volume of Isaac Newton's "Principia" published

Apr 28, 1686

Charles Francois Felix operates on King Louis XIV of France's anal fistula after practicing the surgery on several peasants.

Nov 18, 1686

Newton's Principia Mathematica published

Jan 1, 1687

Lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics.

Classicism (dates 1687-1707)

May 8, 1687

The city council of Amsterdam votes to support William of Orange's invasion of England, which became the Glorious Revolution.

Sep 26, 1687

French king Louis XIV declares war on Netherlands

Nov 26, 1688

King James II escapes back to London

Nov 26, 1688

Lord Delamere sides with King James II

Dec 25, 1688

Dutch prince William III proclaimed king of England

Feb 23, 1689

William III & Mary II crowned as joint rulers of Britain

Apr 11, 1689

Orangeman's Day-Battle of Boyne, Protestant victory in Ireland

Jul 12, 1689

Henry Purcell & Tates opera "Dido & Aeneas," premieres in Chesea

Dec 30, 1689

Locke publishes Two Treatises on Government.

Jan 1, 1690

Clarinet invented, in Nurnberg, Germany

Jan 14, 1690

Army of England's Protestant King William III defeats Roman Catholic King James II in Battle of Boyne in Ireland

Jul 1, 1690

Emperor Leopold I takes control of Transsylvania

Dec 4, 1691

Massacre of Glencoe

Feb 13, 1692

About 78 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange.

Royal Hospital Founders Day 1st celebrated

May 29, 1692

1st woman's magazine "Ladies' Mercury" published (London)

Jun 27, 1693

Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Perignon's invention of Champagne.

Aug 4, 1693

Jonathan Swift ordained an Anglican priest in Ireland

Jan 13, 1695

William Congreve's "Love for Love," premieres in London

Apr 30, 1695

Revolt of undertakers after funeral reforms (Amsterdam)

Jan 31, 1696

Mary Astell wrote Serious Proposal to the Ladies.

Jan 1, 1697

This stated that women needed to become better educated.

Isaac Newton receives Jean Bernoulli's 6 month time-limit problem, solves problem before going to bed that same night

Jan 26, 1697

Stockholm's royal castle (dating back to medieval times) is destroyed by fire (in the 18th century, it is replaced by the current Royal Palace).

May 7, 1697

Germany signs French/English/Spanish/Neth/Brandenburgs peace treaty ending 9 year War

Oct 30, 1697

St Paul's Cathedral opens in London

Dec 1, 1697

Thomas Savery patents the first steam engine

Jul 2, 1698

The Darien scheme begins with five ships, bearing about 1,200 people, departing Leith for the Isthmus of Panama.

Jul 14, 1698

Treaty of Carlowitz signed.

Jan 26, 1699

Protestant West-Europe (except England) begin using Gregorian calendar

Jan 1, 1700

Russia replaces Byzantines with Julian calendar

Jan 1, 1700

Turkey declares war on Russia

Nov 30, 1700

Frederick I becomes King of Prussia.

Jan 18, 1701

Swedish troops under King Charles XII occupy Warsaw

May 14, 1702

Marlborough occupy Roermond

Oct 7, 1702

English/Dutch troops under Marlborough occupy Roermond

The Great Storm of 1703, the greatest windstorm ever recorded in the southern part of Great Britain, reaches its peak intensity which it maintains through November 27. Winds gust up to 120 mph, and 9,000 people perish in the mighty gale.

Nov 25, 1703

Bristol England damaged by hurricane, Royal Navy loses 15 warships

Nov 26, 1703

George F Handel's 1st opera "Almira," premieres in Hamburg

Jan 8, 1705

Nicholas Rowe's "Ulysses," premieres in London

Nov 23, 1705

Prosper Jolyot's "Idomenée," premieres in Paris

Dec 29, 1705

Vienna's Wiener Stadtbank established

Mar 8, 1706

Sweden & Prussia sign military treaty

Aug 22, 1707

German composer Johann S Bach marries his niece Maria Bach

Oct 17, 1707

Alexander Selkirk, Scottish seaman is rescued after 4+ years from Fernandez Island (inspiration for Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe")

Feb 12, 1709

Handel's opera Rinaldo, premieres

Feb 14, 1711

Utrecht banishes poor Jews

Oct 4, 1712

Peace of Utrecht; France cedes Maritime provinces to Britain - English, Prussian, Savoois, Portuguese & French peace treaty

Apr 11, 1713

Dutch State-Gen signs peace with France: Neth loses Orange Princedom

Apr 12, 1713

1st performance of Georg F Handel's "Te Deum" & "Jubilate"

Jul 7, 1713

1st performance of Georg F Handel's "Te Deum" & "Jubilate"

Jul 7, 1713

Typewriter patented by Englishman Henry Mill (built years later)

Jan 7, 1714

English Queen Anne fires premier Robert Haley

Jul 27, 1714

John Flamsteed observes Uranus for 6th time

Apr 29, 1715

Edmund Halley observes total eclipse phenomenon "Baily's Beads"

May 3, 1715

French manufacturer debuts 1st folding umbrella (Paris)

May 4, 1715

Handel's "Watermusic" premieres on Thames

Aug 22, 1715

King Louis XIV of France dies after a reign of 72 years—the longest of any major European monarch.

Sep 1, 1715

Pacification Treaty of Warsaw: Czar Peter the Great guarantees Saxon monarch August I's Polish kingdom

Nov 3, 1716

A sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, provoked the Bangorian Controversy.

Mar 31, 1717

Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia, Peter the Great's son, mysteriously dies after being sentenced to death by his father for plotting against him.

Jun 26, 1718

Voltaires "Oedipe," premieres in Paris

Nov 18, 1718

Great Britain declares war on Spain.

Dec 17, 1718

Thomas Fleet publishes "Mother Goose's Melodies For Children"

Dec 18, 1719

French government proclaims strike on banknotes.

Oct 10, 1720

Montesquieu published Persian Letters.

Jan 1, 1721

Reason used to liberate the mind.

Jonathan Swifts "Gullliver's Travels" is published

May 8, 1726

Alexander Pope's "Essay on Man" published

Jan 1, 1734

Mathematical calculations suggest that it was on this day that Pluto moved from the ninth to the eighth most distant planet from the Sun for the last time before 1979.

Jul 11, 1735

Georg-August University opens in Göttingen

Sep 17, 1737

Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel.

Apr 15, 1738

Bottle opener invented

Apr 15, 1738

Methodist Church forms

May 24, 1738

John Wesley is converted, essentially launching the Methodist movement; the day is celebrated annually by Methodists as Aldersgate Day.

May 24, 1738

Treaty of Nissa

Oct 3, 1739

Is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the end of the Russian-Turkish War, 1736-1739.

King Frederik II of Prussia ends torture & guarantees religion & freedom of the press

Jun 22, 1740

Maria Theresa became ruler of Austria, Hungary & Bohemia

Oct 20, 1740

Benjamin Franklin's General Magazine (2nd US Mag) begins publishing

Feb 16, 1741

War of the Austrian Succession: Prussia defeats Austria in the Battle of Mollwitz.

Apr 10, 1741

Royal Military Academy forms at Woolwich

Apr 13, 1741

George Frederick Handel's "The Messiah"

Sep 16, 1741

Premieres in Dublin

1st indoor swimming pool opens (Goodman's Fields, London)

May 28, 1742

Benjamin Franklin invents his Franklin stove

Jun 11, 1742

Hoyle publishes "Short Treatise"

Aug 29, 1742

Faneuil Hall opens to public

Sep 24, 1742

War of the Austrian Succession: Battle of Dettingen:

Jun 27, 1743

On the battlefield in Bavaria, George II personally leads troops into battle. The last time that a British monarch would command troops in the field.

England, Austria & Savoye-Sardinia sign Treaty of Worms

Sep 13, 1743

Coordinated scientific observations of the transit of Mercury were organized by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.

Nov 5, 1743

French King Louis XV declares war on England

Mar 15, 1744

Discovery of Earth's nutation motion (wobble)

Dec 31, 1744

James Bradley announces this phenomena.

Frederick the Great (Prussia) defeats Austrians & Saxons

Jun 4, 1745

Treaty of Dresden gives much of Silesia to the Prussians

Dec 25, 1745

Jakobijnse troops vacate Aberdeen

Feb 22, 1746

English Naturalization Act passes granting Jews right to colonize US

Mar 19, 1748

Ruins of Pompeii found

Apr 1, 1748

Amsterdam establishes municipal postal service

Jun 3, 1748

The Kingswood School is opened by John Wesley and his brother Charles Wesley in Bristol. The school later moved to Bath.

Jun 24, 1748

Riot after public execution in Amsterdam, 200+ killed

Jun 28, 1748

The Verona Philharmonic Theatre was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt in 1754.

Jan 21, 1749

1st performance of Handel's "Fireworks Music" in London.

Apr 27, 1749

Empress Maria Theresa signs "Haugwitzschen State reform"

May 2, 1749

1st edition of Henry Fieldings' "Tom Jones" published

May 28, 1749

Dutch Golden Age ends

Jan 1, 1750

Jean Honoré Fragonard: c.1700-1775

Jan 1, 1750

Rococo: 1732-1806 The term ‘Rococo’ derives from the French word ‘rocaille’ which means rock-work, referring to a style of interior decoration that swirls with arrangements of curves and scrolls. The style was essentially French but spread throughout Europe. As Mannerism was a stylistic reaction to Renaissance art, so Rococo was a decorative response to the realism of Baroque. While some authorities consider Rococo to be a refined, elegaelegant, and allegorical.

Industrial Revolution starts

May 8, 1750

Voltaire published The Age of Louis XIV.

Jan 1, 1751

the great Encyclopédie (1751–72) edited Denis Diderot (1713–1784)

May 8, 1751

Georg Friedrich Handel completes oratorio "Jephtha"

Aug 30, 1751

Benjamin Franklins 1st tests the lightning rod

May 10, 1752

Premiere of Rousseau's opera "Le Devin du Village"

Oct 18, 1752

Voltaire leaves the court of Frederik II of Prussia

Mar 25, 1753

Publication of "Species Plantarum by Linnaeus"

May 1, 1753

The formal start date of plant taxonomy adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

King Louis XV disbands French parliament

May 9, 1753

George Washington becomes a master mason

Aug 4, 1753

1st edition of Samuel Johnson's "Dictionary"

Jun 14, 1755

Great Lisbon Earthquake

Nov 1, 1755

Seven Years' War - French Indian War (1756 and 1763)

Jan 1, 1756

England & Prussia sign Treaty of Westminster

Jan 16, 1756

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is born

Jan 27, 1756

Bartolomeo Rastrelli presents the Catherine Palace

May 9, 1756

For Empress Elizabeth and her courtiers.

William Blake, English poet/painter (Songs of Innocence & Experience) is born

Nov 28, 1757

Voltaire's "Candide" published

May 8, 1759

Destructive eruption of Vesuvius

Nov 24, 1759

Rousseau published The Social Contract, Emile.

Jan 1, 1762

Attempt to unite the liberty of the individual with the authority of the government. Emile was important for education.

Beccaria published On Crimes and Punishments.

Jan 1, 1764

William Hogarth, British painter dies

Oct 26, 1764

Mozart's opera "Apollo et Hyacinthus," premieres in Salzburg

May 13, 1767

Holbach published Systems of Nature.

Jan 1, 1770

Stated that the universe is made up of matter and motion.

Holbach published Systems of Nature.

Jan 1, 1770

Stated that the universe is made up of matter and motion.

Poet William Wordsworth is born

Jan 1, 1770

Romanticism takes place

May 8, 1770

Marie Antoinette (14) marries future King Louis XVI (15) of France

May 16, 1770

Denis Diderot's "Le Fils Naturel," premieres in Paris

Sep 26, 1771

Samuel Coleridge is born in Devonshire.

Jan 1, 1772

The Whirlpool Galaxy was discovered by Charles Messier

Oct 13, 1773

Smith published The Wealth of Nations.

Jan 1, 1776

"Common Sense" by Thomas Paine, published

Jan 10, 1776

Wolfgang von Goethes' "Stella," premieres in Hamburg

Feb 8, 1776

1st volume of Gibbon's "Decline & Fall of Roman Empire" published

May 17, 1776

American Declaration of Independence

Jul 4, 1776

US gains independence from Britain

William Herschel discovers 1st binary star, Xi Ursae Majoris

May 2, 1780

Andre Méchain discovers M80 (globular cluster in Scorpio)

Jan 4, 1781

1st edition of Pieter It Hoens "Post of Neder-Rhijn" published

Jan 20, 1781

Mozart's opera "Idomeneo" premieres, Munich

Jan 29, 1781

Mozart's opera "Das Entfuhrung aus dem Serail," premieres in Vienna

Jul 16, 1782

Treaty of Paris signed (ending US Revolutionary War)

Sep 3, 1783

Premiere of Mozart's Sonata in B flat, K454 (Vienna)

Apr 29, 1784

Mozarts string quartet opus 10 premieres

Jan 15, 1785

Mozart's opera "Marriage of Figaro" premieres in Wien (Vienna)

May 1, 1786

Enlightenment Philosopher Condorcet published a treatise on the rights of women.

Jan 1, 1787

He said that women have the same natural rights as men.

An Evening Walk by William Wordsworth is published.

Jan 1, 1787

Titania & Oberon discovered

Jan 11, 1787

Moons of Uranus, discovered by William Herschel

Storming of Bastille

Jul 14, 1789

French Revolution stars

Jul 14, 1789

Bourbon Whiskey, 1st distilled from corn (by Elijah Craig, Bourbon Ky)

Nov 8, 1789

Jacques Louis David: c.1765-1850

Jan 1, 1790

Neo-Classicism: 1748-1825 Neo-Classicism was a reaction against the pomposity of Rococo. This was the Age of the Enlightenment and political, social and cultural revolution were in the air. Artists needed a serious art for serious times and once again they looked back to the art of Antiquity as their model. Inspired by the archeological discoveries at Herculaneum and Pompeii, Neo-Classicism had a historical accuracy that earlier classical revivals lacked.

George Washington delivers 1st state of union address (or Jan 4)

Jan 8, 1790

Mozart's opera "Cosi Fan Tutte" premieres in Vienna

Jan 26, 1790

Olympe de Gouges published a Declaration of the Rights of Woman.

Jan 1, 1791

Congress establishes US Mint

Mar 3, 1791

The Treaty of Sistova

Aug 4, 1791

Ends the Ottoman-Habsburg wars

Benjamin Banneker publishes 1st Almanac

Aug 19, 1791

The National Constituent Assembly

Sep 30, 1791

Paris is dissolved; Parisians hail Maximilien Robespierre and Jérôme Pétion as incorruptible patriots.

D Cimarosa's opera "Il Matrimonio Segreto," premieres in Vienna

Feb 2, 1792

1st public zoo opens in Paris

Jun 10, 1793

Eli Whitney patents his cotton gin

Jun 20, 1793

"Reign of Terror" begins

Sep 5, 1793

Louvre officially opens in Paris

Nov 18, 1793

Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason was written.

Jan 1, 1794

Beethoven (24) debuts as pianist in Vienna

Mar 29, 1795

Haydn's song "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser," premieres in Vienna

Feb 12, 1797

J M W Turner: c.1765-1850

Jan 1, 1800

Romanticism 1775-1851 Romanticism valued the expression of emotion over the control of Classicism. This was achieved through spectacular painting technique and the choice of emotive and sensual subjects which often commemorated dramatic contemporary and historical events. In France, Delacroix and Géricault were the pioneers of Romanticism; in England, it was Turner and Constable; in Germany, Caspar David Friedrich and in Spain, Goya.

1st president to live in white house (John Adams)

Nov 1, 1800

Johann von Schiller's "Die Jungfrau von Orleans," premieres in Leipzig

Apr 11, 1801

French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons discovers his 1st comet

Jul 11, 1801

1st performance of Beethoven's 2nd Symphony in D

Apr 5, 1803

English scientist John Dalton started using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.

Sep 3, 1803

x Napoleon is crowned king of Italy

May 26, 1805

1st performance of Ludwig von Beethoven's 4th Symphony in B

Mar 5, 1807

Aaron Burr acquitted of charges of plotting to set up an empire

Sep 1, 1807

Joseph Haydns oratorio "Die Schopfung" premieres in Vienna

Mar 27, 1808

William Henry Lane ("Juda") perfects tap dance

Apr 13, 1808

Frederic Chopin is born

Mar 22, 1810

Rossini's opera "La Cenerentola" premieres in Rome

Jan 25, 1817

"Frankenstein" is publsihed

Jan 1, 1818

The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823.

Lord Byron completes "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" (4th canto)

Jan 2, 1818

Keats writes his poem "On a Lock of Milton's Hair"

Jan 21, 1818

Greece gains independence from Turkey (National Day)

Mar 25, 1821

Franz Liszts (11) debut as pianist Isabella Colbran

Dec 1, 1822

Rossini's opera "Semiramide" premieres in Venice

Feb 2, 1823

1st performance of Beethoven's "Missa Solemnis"

Mar 26, 1824

Goethe visits Ettersberg (Buchenwald)

May 2, 1824

The National Gallery in London opens

May 10, 1824

1st public railroad using steam locomotive completed in England

Dec 27, 1825

Samuel Mory patents internal combustion engine

Apr 1, 1826

Weber's opera "Oberon," premieres in London

Apr 12, 1826

Johann von Goethe's "Faust, Part 1," premieres

Jan 19, 1829

Victor Hugo's "Hernani" premieres in Paris

Feb 25, 1830

William Lloyd Garrison publishes 1st issue of abolitionist journal

Jan 1, 1831

Vincenzo Bellini's opera "I Puritani," premieres in Paris

Jan 25, 1835

Foundation stone for new Palace of Westminster, London, laid

Apr 27, 1840

Wagner's opera "Der Fliegende Holländer" premieres, Dresden

Jan 2, 1843

Charles Dickens publishes "A Christmas Carol," in England

Dec 19, 1843

Hector Berlioz' "Carnaval Romain," premieres in Paris

Feb 3, 1844

Edgar Allen Poe's "Raven" 1st published

Jan 29, 1845

Theophile Gautier publishes "Hashish Club" about his initiation

Feb 1, 1846

Robert von Bunsen invents the Bunsen burner

Jun 14, 1847

Romanticism ends

May 8, 1848

Edgar Allan Poe dies

Oct 7, 1849

American author, poet and literary critic dies

Industrial Revolution ends

May 8, 1850