Western Civ Review

Pepin Deposes Merovingians

751

Pepin, father of Charlemagne, deposes of the Merovingian dynasty. This allows him to assume leadership of the Frankish kingdom by being crowned and anointed with holy oil by a representative of the pope.

Rule of Charlemagne

Period: 768 to 814

Also known as Charles the Great and Carolus Magnus, Charlemagne was a determined and decisive figure. During his rule, he greatly expanded the Carolingian empire and began the Carolingian renaissance.

Rebellion against Pope Leo lll

799

Charlemagne requested help from Rome

Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor

800

Showing the Roman, Christan and Germanic fusion in early medieval Europe, Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope.

60% of Western Europe's population are serfs

800

Serfs were peasants who provided labour and goods to their fief in return for protection. Knights were given these fiefs when they became vassals for their lords. That's the basics of feudalism. Serfs could not leave the land or be sold from it, but they were provided with services like justice, mills, ovens and other things from their lord.

King Alfred of Wessex establishes royal control

800

In 9th century England, royal law began taking over local customs. England was divided into shires; jurisdictions led by shire-reeves appointed by the king.

Viking Raids

Period: 800 to 1000

Throughout the 9th and 10th centuries, Vikings from Scandinavia, with ships capable of sailing open oceans and rivers, repeatedly raided throughout Europe. The Carolingian Empire had no navy and was ill prepared to face this threat.

Rule of Louis the Pious

Period: 814 to 840

Son of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious inherited the empire but had difficulty controlling the nobility.

Treaty of Verdun

843

Louis the Pious’s 3 sons divide the Carolingian empire into 3. Their fraternal rivalries bring about the collapse of the empire along with the Viking, Muslim and Magyar invasions.

Hugh Capet is selected as successor to the last Carolingian King

987

An assembly of French nobles select Hugh Capet to succeed the last Carolingian king. This begins the Capetian dynasty which controlled a small area around Paris. French kings were pretty weak until the 11th and 12th centuries where they consolidate their power and territory.

Warmer climate

Period: 1000 to 1300

Contributed to the prosperity of the Middle Ages.

Rule of Viking king Canute

Period: 1016 to 1035

Viking king Canute makes England the center of his empire after a series of invasions. His heir dies childless and various people claim the throne, including the Duke of Normandy.

Church: Pope Leo IX

Period: 1049 to 1054

As the Church's power diminished with the growth of feudalism, Pope Leo sought universal reform. He appointed clerics holding the same ideas as him as cardinals and used them as advisers and administrators.

Rule of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV

Period: 1056 to 1106

Henry opposes Pope Gregory and even convenes a synod of German bishops voting to depose the pope.

Formation of Church Council

1059

Reclaiming independence and eliminating lay control of the papacy, popes would now only be elected by cardinals.

Battle of Hastings

Aug 14, 1066

William of Normandy defeats King Harold of England while Normal cavalry decimates Saxon infantry.

William the Conquerer is crowned King of England

Dec 25, 1066

Norman kings are established. Every man becomes the king's vassal and a strong centralized monarchy with nobles holding their fiefs from the king is established. Anglo-Saxon sheriffs are replaced with Normans and there is a culture fusion. To collect information, King William sends officials throughout the country bringing about the Doomesday Book. This helped the King govern his country as one unit.

Rule of Pope Gregory Vll (Investiture Controversy)

Period: 1073 to 1085

Aiming for the freedom of the church from secular control through appointments (basically non church people could choose who the church people would be), Pope Gregory opposed secular rulers and aimed to eliminate lay investiture. His main opponent becomes Henri IV, the Holy Roman Emperor. Both propose different candidates to become the Bishop of Milan.

Emperor Henry IV begs for forgiveness

1077

When the pope excommunicates Henry IV, German nobles revolt. Henry then goes to beg for forgiveness at Canossa, is forgiven, then curshes the rebllion. The conflict between the two, however, remains unresolved.

Crusades

Period: 1096 to 1291

1095 - The Bysantine emperor requests help against Muslim invasion. In response, Pope Urban ll calls on Christans to begin a holy war and promises a remission of their sins. 1099- Jerusalem is captured, establishing the crusader states. However, their position is rather awkward because they're surrounded and far from home. By 1120s- Muslims have begun a successful retaliation 1187- Saladin of Syria takes back Jerusalem By 1291 - Muslims reconquer the last crusader outpost of Acre.

England: Henry I

Period: 1100 to 1135

Establishes the EXchequer: Bureau of Finance

Concordat of Worms

1122

A comprimise for the previous conflict between Henry IV and Pope Gregory; Church officials (cathedral canons) now elect German bishops. The king has a right to be present at the election and the new bishop pays homage to the king as his lord. The bishop is then invested with symbols of the pope's spiritual office and the king's temporal office.

Church declares all clerical marriage invalid

1123

To emphasize the sacraments and special nature of the priessts who administered them, the church went through major reforms.
Clerical celibacy was enforced and a papal monarchy emerged. The church could own courts, bureaucracy, financial apparatus and territory.

England: Henry ll

Period: 1154 to 1189

Inherits the provinces of Anjou, Normandy, Maine and Tourraine. He later claims Aquitaine, Poitou and Gascony. Throughout his realm, he developed and extended common law. Why is there so many Henrys

France: Philip ll

Period: 1180 to 1233

Philip calls himself Philip Augustus. He enlarged the territory and the kings power and gained control over Normandy from England as well as northern France. Philip sent royal agents and officials to act on his behalf, administer royal justice, collect royal revenue and act as the king's agents. Provinces, however, kept their own institutions and laws. By the end of 13th century, France became one of the largest, best governed and wealthiest states in Europe.

England: King John

Period: 1199 to 1216

Highly unpopular with his subjects, King John inherited a heavy debt and signed the Magna Carta which restricted the King's power. He also suffered a huge defeat by the French in July of 1214 which led to barons rebelling.

King John signs the Magna Carta

1215

To redress the grievances of his barons, King John signs a document reducing the king's power. This document states that the king is not above the law begins contstitutionalism in England. Subsequent kings are promised to observe and follow the Magna Carta.

Edward l of England expells all Jews from England

1290

Following the crusades, a legacy of bitterness in Christian-Muslim relations was born. This only increased anti-semitism and the persecution of Jewish people. The violence increased as did legal restictions against them.

Little "Ice Age"

Period: 1300 to 1450

Climate changed; it got colder and wetter.

Europe has a Bad Time (tm)

Period: 1300 to 1500

Black Plague, 100 year's war, religious schism... the 14th and 15th centuries were kinda rough This undermined medieval institutions, weakened feudalism and capitalism, erroded serfdom and declined the feudal nobility.

Boniface VIII issues Unam Sanctum

1302

Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303) and Philip IV of France were quarelling over whether or not the king could tax the clergy. Unam Sanctum dictates that no and sweeps claim of papal power over temporal power. The king sends troops to capture the pope and put him on trial before he has a chance to excommunicate Philip. Italian nobles save the pope but he dies of shock.
Philip then ensures the election of Clement V who resided in Avignon.

Petrarch

Period: 1304 to 1374

Petrarch was a poet and humanist who believed that a new age was coming about after the gloom of the "Dark Ages" since the fall of Western Rome. He was all about re-discovering the "glories of antiquity". Humanism was central to Renaissance thought. Inspired by ancient classics, they believed man was made in the image of God (though they kept a secular spirit) and focused on the idea of a genius. The study of ancient Greek and Roman thought was necessary to prepare a man for an active life.

Avignon Papacy

Period: 1305 to 1378

The papacy was subject to French influence as the pope lived in Avignon which is wild

Great Famine

Period: 1315 to 1317

Northern Europe suffers from a Great Famine, reducing people's caloric intake. There was a typhoid outbreak as people were more susceptible to disease. Even livestock were prone to sickness. This along with the climate changes precreeding it, may have facilitated the spread of the Black Death.

Capetian dynasty dies out

1328

Charles IV dies without a direct male heir. His cousin, Philip VI (r. 1328-1350) becomes king.

Edward lll of England pays homage to Philip VI for Aquitaine

1329

Appearance of the Black Plague in Southwestern China

1331

The bubonic plague is a highly infectuous disease (according to the notes I read otherwise but whatever I haVE STRONG OPINIONS ON THIS),

Philip IV confiscates Duchy of Aquitaine

1337

Edward lll does not like this and interprets this as a violation of the 1259 treaty. Thus he claims the French throne through his mother (Charles IV's sister). Some of Philip's vassals transfer allegiance to Edward. This sparks the 100 Year's war.

Genoese ships bring the plague to Sicily

1347

oopsie The plague spreads rapidly through trade routes especially. The spread is facilitated by malnutrition, poor hygiene and poor understanding of its transmission.

The Black Death (You can tell this was my essay topic)

Period: 1347 to 1351

Its consequences were major. From 1347 to 1351, 25 to 50% of Europe's population died. Outbreaks continued after 1351 and recovery only took place after 1500. This had a great psychological toll on people who were scared and confused. Art and literature became mainly preoccupied with death and many began to show extreme behaviour often trying to be forgiven for their sins. People blamed the Jews for poisoning the wells amongst other things and so anti-semitism increased. Many flew to Poland.

Jacquerie in France

1358

Yet another peasant revolt as a consequence of the Black Plague and the toll it took on the economy.

Great Schism

Period: 1378 to 1417

What even 1377- Gregory Xl moves back to rome and dies. Cardinals elect Urban VI but then French cardinals declare that invalid so they elect Clement Vll. So now there's two popes, one in Avignon, the other in Rome. Christendom split along political lines and moreso because of the 100 Years' War. 1409- Council of Pisa elect a new guy, now there's 3 popes 1414-1417- Council of Constance resolve the issue with Martin V who everyone recognized. He resided in Rome.

English Peasant Revolt

1381

There was a labour shortage due to the demographic crash which meant wages rose to incredible heights meaning aristocrats were paying their workers more but getting less revenue in return. Therefore, they tried to cut down wages through legislation amongst other things which led to a peasant revolt.

Charles VII

Period: 1422 to 1461

Charles VII revives the monarchy in France and reconciles the Burgundians and Armagnacs. He also manages to expell the English from France everywhere except Calais. He reorganizes the royal council and strengthens royal finances through new taxes on salt and land. He also creates the first permanent standing royal army. What does all this mean? He brings a lot of power to the French kings.

War of the Roses

Period: 1455 to 1471

England loses the 100 Years' War and falls into a civil war. Two ducal houses fight and a violent civil war errupts. This chronic disorder is bad for industry, agriculture, trade and a bunch of stuff. I mean it's a war what do you want. Eventually, Edward IV (r. 1461-1483) defeats the Lancastian forces and begins to reconstruct the monarchy. This begins the Tudors dynasty. They had less power than french kings but thats ok.

Gutenberg bible produced on printing press

1456

The invention of the printing press sparked a communications revolution and did some wild stuff. 1450-1500: More books had been printed in 50 years than all previous western history. (8 to 10 million books were printed as in 40,000 different titles) By 1500: There was more than 1000 printing presses in Europe. As a result there was a spread in literacy, cultural communities and common identities. This also facilitated the Protestant Reformation.

Louis XI

Period: 1461 to 1483

Louis, yet another french king, continues to increase royal power and acquire more territory.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Period: 1469 to 1527

Author of the Prince and a great example of the secular spirit in the Renaissance. It's not about morals, it's about gains and whatnot, his books are wild.

Martin Luther

Period: 1483 to 1546

Luther was intensely religious and believed you could only achieve salvation through faith, grace and scriptures alone. The sale of indulgences (practice of selling tickets to heaven pretty much) disgusted him and he wrote a book on it (95 theses on the sale of indulgences)

France invades northern Italian states

1494

The Italian states are politically fragmented oligarchies that are constantly at war with eachother around this time. They are very rich however from trade, manufacturing and banking. Rich men became "patrons of the arts", they'd buy pretty drawings to show how loaded they were (eg. Medici). When France invaded, Northern Italy became a Habsburg-Valois rivalry battleground.

Martin Luther becomes an Augustian monk

1505

He really believed in religion enough so to become a monk

John Calvin

Period: 1509 to 1564

Founder of Calvinism, John Calvin believed that God is omnipotent and predetermines one's salvation. He agreed with Luther on many things, but was much more puratinical. Swearing, drinking, gambling, theater going and dancing were all banned. Hard work well done pleased God and all that jazz. Geneva became a model community of Christian reformers. Calvanism was dominant in Switzerland, Scotland and the Netherlands. They had minorities in France and England as well.

Henry VIII

Period: 1509 to 1547

This guy wanted an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn because he wanted independance from church control. The pope, nephew of Catherine, refused. This triggered the English Reformation. In 1533, parliament made Archibishop of Canterbury the highest church official in England and annulled Henry and Cath's marriage. If I see one more HENRY who i need to learn about im gonna break into tears

Concordat of Bologna

1516

France signs with the papacy. This means French kings acquire the right to appoint French Bishops and Abbots. Once again, more power to the French kings (royal control over church appointments which is wild considering the last few centuries).

95 Theses on the Sale of Indulgences

1517

Written by Martin Luther, this book sparks the Protestant Reformation. It strikes a chord for many of it's readers who felt scammed by the injustices and corruption within the Church.

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Period: 1519 to 1556

Why is this man in the slides there's no description for what he's done i am so confused

Martin Luther is excommunicated

1520

bro legit did not care that's amazing good for him honestly follow your passions I'm getting tired and haven't eaten any meals today sorry akjdfhsdf Anyway, him not caring is not good because that means that the church has lost significant power if more people start thinking like him.

Diet of Worms

1521

Hilarious name. Martin Luther was declared an outlaw by these people, though the Elector of Saxony offered Luther protection in his castle. Imagine being declared an outlaw at something called "The Diet of Worms" honestly

Act of Supremacy passed

1534

This Act established the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church) and declared the king the "supreme head of the Church of England". It also rejected the Doctrine of papal Supremacy and abolished monasteries and convents.

Angela Merici founds the Ursulines

1535

The Ursulines is an order of nuns dedicated to the education of women. Their teachings spread rapidly throughout France as well as through the "New World" or America as I like to call it.

Ignatius of Loyola founds the Society of Jesus

1540

Also known as Jesuits, the Society of Jesus (thats one heck of a name) were at the forefront of the Counter-Reformation. They held a major role in converting people in Asia and Latin America to Catholicism mainly through education. Their curriculum held many modern humanist ideas and they were often chosen as powerful advisors and confessors to kings.

Council of Trent

Period: 1545 to 1563

Made to counteract the Protestant Reformation, they reafficmed Catholic doctrine by establishing seminaries and emphasizing the idea of a vocation for the clergy. They put an emphasis on preaching and teaching as well as strenthened exxlesiastical discipline.

Civil war in German States between Lutherans and Catholics

Period: 1546 to 1555

Lutherans believed that salvation was acquirable by faith alone and that the bible was the only valid source of Christian doctrine. They only have 2 sacraments, baptism and communion. The church is considered the whole body of Christian faithfuls and they abolished monasteries and convents as well as allowed pastors to marry. Catholics did not like this and so there was a war as to what you were allowed to believe in.

Edward VI

Period: 1547 to 1553

Edward VI was the sickly son of Henry Vlll who died without an heir. His half sister, Mary (r. 1553-1558) took over and married the king of Spain. She was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon and thus had motive to restore Catholicism to England. She had no children.

Peace of Augsburg

1555

This dictated that each German ruler could determine the religion of his state (as long as its Lutheran or Catholic.) Lutheranism became predominant in north-eastern German states and spread to Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia as well as Estonia. Most southern states on the other hand, including Austria, remained Catholic.

Elizabeth l

Period: 1558 to 1603

Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry Vlll and Anne Boleyn. After having taken over Mary's throne, she restored the Act of Supremcy as well as the Church of England. Also, in 1588, her navy destroyed a Spanish armada which was huge at the time because the Spanish were just built different.

French Wars of Religion

Period: 1562 to 1598

7% of the population in france was Protestant by the 1550s. This however, included 40% of the nobility, many of which used Calvanism to challenge the idea of divine right to the rule of French kings. Eventually a war broke out in 1562 where the Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholics, massacred a Huguenot congregation. This continued for 36 years.

St Batholemew's Day Massacre

Jul 23, 1572

For 6 days, 1000s of Huguenots were massacred.

Henri IV

Period: 1589 to 1610

France you are walking a tHIN LINE ISTG In 1598 he issued the Edict of Nantes which designated certain towns and territories as Huguenot. In these places, they could openly worship, hold public office, go to university and maintain forts. This brought religious peace to France and became a problem for future kings who wished to impose their absolute power but Henri does not care about them because his name is henriandimgoingtoloseit putting an "i" at the end does not make it ok my guys