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*Spread by fleas that lived on rats and humans.
*Killed over a million people, over one third of Europes population.
*People usually died within 3 days. -
*Art and literature came to exist for its own beauty.
*The study of history became popular.
*The rebirth of Europe. -
*Brunelleschi (re)discovered linear prespective.
*Painters and sculpters became obsessed with linear perspective.
*Linear perspective eliminates the multiple viewpoints that is seen in medieval art, and creates an illusion of space from a view point. -
*Siege of Orleans marked a turning point in the Hundred Years War between France and England.
*Joan of Arc's first major military victory. -
*Brought the price of printing materials down.
*Made materials available for mass reproduction
*The first book printed wasthe Gutenberg Bible. -
- Inherited both his wealth and his expertise in business from his father.
- Cosimo worked to create peace in Northern Italy.
- Cosimo's patronage enabled architect Brunelleschi to complete the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore
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Spanish Inquisition was run by the Spanish Monarchy. They picked out anyone thay thought would threaten the status of the Roman Catholic Church in Spain. Estamated that 2,000 people died, many others where tortured.
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*Only because if Botticelli's Friendship did this painting escape the Catholic and the Savonarola's bonfires.
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*Completed four voyages across the Atlantic ocean.
*He lead the the first lasting contact with America.
*He saw his accomplishment primarly in the light of spreading the Christian religion. -
*Painted for Duke Ludovico Sforza and his duchess Beatrice d'Este
*The painting represents Jesus' last days when Jesus announces that one of his twelve apostals would betray him. -
*One of the most famous frescoes by Raphael.
*The picture has been seen as "Raphael's masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the High Renaissance. -
*Commissioned by Pope Julius II
*This was a visual metaphor of humankind's need for a covenant with God. -
*The original title was in latin, "De Principatibus"
*The first printed version was published fives years after his death. This was done by the permission of the Medici Pope Clement VII -
*Meaning: Ideal and imaginary island naton.
*Wrote a book describing a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean. -
*He was a monk, Priest, Profesor of Theology.
*Also an iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation.
*He taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. -
*A series of wars waged in Europe
*All strongly influence by religion
*Following the onset of Protestant Reformation in Europe. -
*He was excommunicated because he wanted a divorce with Catherine, and marry Anne Boleyn. He needed a son and Catherine couldn't give him one.
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*Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 until his death
*First ruler to be crowned as Tsar of all Russia
*He was intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic out breaks of mental illness. One notable outburst resulted in the death of his chosen heir. -
*A Catholic male religious order that followed the teachings of the Catholic church.
*Jesuits also known as "God's Marines". -
*Dutch humanist.
*Rescued theology from the pedantries of the Schoolmen.
*Exposed the abuses of the Church.
*He did more than any other single person to advance the Revival of Learning. -
Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.
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- Philip inherited the throne in 1556, with many economical problems *He appeared to be Europe's wealthiest monarchy *He never raised enough cash to cover his expenditure and as a result had to declare state ‘bankruptcies’. *After the bankruptcies, Spain's dept just got worse.
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*The third of Henry VIII's children to become monarch
*She was the last of the Tudor dynasty
*Shehad inherited the throne from her half-sister Mary I -
*Began with in Paris, Admiral Coligny, the Protestant leader—was stabbed and his body thrown out of a window.
*French soldiers and the Roman Catholic clergy fell upon the unarmed people.
* In one week, almost 100,000 Protestants were killed. -
*Issued by Henry IV of France
*primarily to promote civil unity
*separated civil from religious unity
*opened a path for secularism and tolerance
