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Period: Dec 24, 1294 to Oct 11, 1303
Papacy of Boniface VIII
Issued bull which forbade lay taxation of the clergy with prior papal approval, angering Phillip the Fair of France. -
Nov 18, 1302
Unam Sanctam published
Issued by Boniface VIII; declared papal authority over sovereign rulers. -
Nov 8, 1309
Papacy moves to Avignon
Decided by Pope Clement V; Clement V wanted to escape a Rome ridden with strife, and to avoid pressure from Philip of France. Here began the sale of indulgences and the idea of purgatory. -
Sep 9, 1321
Death of Dante Alghieri
Italian poet, "Father of the Italian language“, Divine Comedy. -
Apr 30, 1337
Start of the Hundred Years' War
A series of wars waged between the House of Valois (France )and the House of Plantagenate (England, Edward III starting the war; Henry V), for France's throne. The House of Valois was the victor. -
Jan 27, 1343
Pope Clement VI defines "treasury of merits"
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Nov 7, 1347
Black Death arrives in southern Italy
Bubonic Plague. Carried by fleas on black rats which were brought by Asian merchant ships, killing 25 to 40 percent of Europe’s population. -
Nov 18, 1351
Boccaccio writes the Decameron
composed of 100 vulgar tales told by three men and seven women in a country retreat from the plague that ravaged Florence in 1348; both a stringing social commentary -
Jun 9, 1358
Jacquerie rebellions in France
Several bloody peasant rebellions in France that started because of the heavy taxes. -
Jan 17, 1377
Papacy returns to Rome
Gregory XI -
Sep 20, 1378
Start of Great Schism
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Nov 8, 1381
Peasants' Revolt/War
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Nov 8, 1410
Council of Pisa
On the basis of the arguments of the conciliarists, cardinals representing both popes convened a council on their own authority in Pisa in 1409, deposed of both the Roman and Avignon popes, and elected a new pope, Alexander V. -
Period: Nov 16, 1414 to Apr 22, 1418
Council of Constance
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Jun 6, 1415
Jan Huss is burned for heresy
Czech, he supported vernacular translations of the Bible, was critical of traditional ceremonies and practices, particularly those relating the sacrament of the Eucharist, questioned the validity of sacraments performed by priests in moral sin. -
Oct 25, 1415
Battle of Agincourt
a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War, notable for the use of the English longbow. -
Period: Oct 21, 1422 to Jul 22, 1461
Rules of Charles VII of France
The king’s legitimacy was initially contested by Henry VI of England; won the Hundred Years’ War mainly because of Joan of Arc, but did not protect her from burning as a witch. -
May 8, 1429
Siege of Orleans by Joan of Arc
Turning point in the Hundred Years’ War;
Joan of Arc’s first major military victory and first major French success. -
Feb 3, 1468
Johann Gutenberg dies
craftsman from Mainz, Germany who developed a printing press that made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply; printed a complete Bible which was the first full-sized book printed with movable type. -
Jan 2, 1492
Last Muslim region is captured
Reconquista; the Battle of Granada followed by the Treaty of Granada, under Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. -
Oct 12, 1492
Columbus discovers America
Missioned to reach Asia through the Atlantic Ocean by the Spanish, never reached Asia, but stepped onto an island in the Caribbean. -
Nov 18, 1510
Raphael paints the School of Athens
in the pope’s room in Apostolic Palace in Vatican. -
Nov 8, 1512
Michelangelo completes the Sistine Chapel
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Nov 8, 1513
Machiavelli writes The Prince
a political guidebook that examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it by suggesting that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther posts "Ninety Five Theses"
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Nov 18, 1517
Ottoman Empire takes Mecca & Medina
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Nov 8, 1518
Hernan Cortez lands in Mexico
marched inland to claim new lands for Spain. -
Nov 18, 1521
The Diet of Worms
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Nov 8, 1527
The Diet of Vesteras
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Oct 11, 1531
Death of Ulrich Zwingli
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Oct 11, 1531
Second Battle of Kappel
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Jan 25, 1533
Henry VIII & Anne Bolyne marry
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Jul 12, 1536
Erasmus of Rotterdam dies
a Dutch proponent of religious toleration, and enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists“. Called for reform within the church while recognizing the papal authority. -
Jul 12, 1536
Death of Desiderius Erasmus
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Sep 8, 1540
John Calvin returns to Geneva after exile
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Sep 27, 1540
Papal recognition of the Jesuit Order
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May 24, 1543
Death of Nicholas Copernicus
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May 24, 1543
Death of Nicholas Copernicus
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Dec 20, 1543
Publication of Copernicus' On the Heavenly Spheres
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Period: Dec 13, 1545 to Dec 4, 1563
The Council of Trent
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Nov 8, 1549
Act of Uniformity passed in England
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Oct 27, 1553
Death of Michael Servetus
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Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
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Period: Nov 17, 1558 to
Reign of Elizabeth I of England
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Period: Dec 5, 1560 to May 30, 1574
Reign of Charles IX of France
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Aug 8, 1570
Peace of St-Germain-en-Laye
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Oct 7, 1571
The Battle of Lepanto
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Aug 23, 1572
St. Bartholomew Day's Massacre
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Period: Oct 2, 1572 to Oct 8, 1576
"Spanish Fury" sweeps Habsburg Holland
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Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
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Defeat of Spanish Armada by the English
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Death of Catherine de Medici
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Henri III assassinated
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Presentation of the play Richard III
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The Edict of Nantes
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Hampton Court Conference
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Publication of first part of Don Quixote
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Publication of Bacon's The Advancement of Learning
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Publicatin of Kepler's The New Astronomy
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Publication of Galileo's Starry Messenger
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Publication of Galileo's Starry Messenger
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Defenestration of Prague
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Battle of White Mountain
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Publication of Bacon's Novum Organum
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Rule of Pope Urban VIII
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Period: to
Reign of King Charles I of England
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Battle of Breitenfeld
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Death of King Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden
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Condemnation of Galileo's work by the Catholic Church
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Peace of Prague
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Publication of Descartes's Discourse
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Publication of Descartes' Discourse
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Short Paliament
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Long Parliament
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Publication of Augustinus
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Period: to
Reign of Frederick William Hohenzollern of Prussia
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Death of Cardinal Richelieu
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Rule of Louis XIV of France
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Treaty of Westphalia
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Period: to
The 'Fronde' Revolt
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Period: to
Reign of William III of Orange
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Publication of Hobbes' Leviathan
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Publication of Hobbes' Leviathan
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Period: to
Era of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth
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Death of Cardinal Mazarin
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Publication of Cavendish's Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
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Publication of Pascal's Pensees
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Treaty of Dover
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Foundation of Paris Foundling Hospital
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Death of Margaret Cavendish
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Death of Margaret Cavendish
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Death of Gian Lorenzo Bernini
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Papal Plot against Charles II
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Peter 'the Great' becomes Tsar of Russia
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Siege of Vienna by the Ottomans
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Period: to
Reign of James II
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Revocation of Edict of Nantes
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Publication of Newton's Principia Mathematica
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Arrival in England of William III of Orange
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Publication of Locke's Two Treatises on Government
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Publication of Locke's Two Treaises on Government
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Publication of Locke's Letter Concerning Toleration
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Period: to
The Great Northern War
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Period: to
War of Spanish Succession
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Jethro Tull invents the seed drill
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Maria Winkelmann discovers a comet
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Foundation of Saint Petersburg
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Death of Jacques-Benigne Bossuet
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Treaty of Utrecht
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'Pragmatic Sanction' published & violated
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Treaty of Rastatt
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Gold payments stopped in France in aftermath of 'Mississippi Bubble'
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Patriarchate abolished in Russian Church
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Publication of Algarotti's Newtonianism for Ladies
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War of Jenkins's Ear begins
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Period: to
War of Austrian Succession
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Hume publishes An Enquiry into Human Nature
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Publication of L'espirit des lois by Montesquieu
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
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Seven Years War begins
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Voltaire's novel Candide published
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Fall of Quebec to British
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Publication of Rousseau's The Social Contract
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Treaty of Paris
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Invention of Spinning Jenny
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Death of artist William Hogarth
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James Hargreaves invents the "Spinning Jenny"
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Stamp Act passed
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Townshend Acts passed
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James Watt patens his steam engine
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Boston Massacre
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Period: to
Pugachev's rebellion in Russia
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Publication of Goethe's Sorrows of Young Werther
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Adam Smith published Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
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Joseph II becomes emperor of Austrian Empire
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The Gordon Riots in Britain
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Publication of the Necker Report
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British surrender at Yorktown
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Treaty of Paris guaranteeing US independence
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Jacques Louis David completes Oath of the Horatii
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Catherine the Great's "Charter of the Nobility" published
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Louis XVI first calls for an 'Estates General'
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The 'Tennis Court Oath' taken
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Attack onn the Bastille prison
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The so-called 'Great Renunciation' of French nobles
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Louis XVI & his family are forced from Versailles to live in Paris
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Louis XVI is executed
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Publication of the Rights of Man
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Louis XVI & his family try to escape France
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Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her response against Rousseau
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'Year One' in the French Revolutionary Calendar declared
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Britain declares war on France
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Period: to
La Terreur/The Terror
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Robespierre is executed
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Publication of Schleiermacher's Speeches on Religion to Its Cultured Despisers
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'Consulat' established in France
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Napoleon established ties with the papacy
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Napoleon & Josephine crowned emperor & empress of France
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Battle of Austerlitz
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Treaty of Tilsit signed
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Spanish Rebellion begins
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Battle of the Nations/f Leipzig
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Congress of Vienna
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Napoleon returns to rule for '100 Days'
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Publication of (1st edition) of Shell's Frankenstein
