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Jan 1, 1348
Bubonic Plague begins
-disease that is spread by small rodents and fleas.
-Without treatment, the bubonic plague kills about two out of three infected humans within 4 days.
-The Black Death swept through Europe in the 14th century and killed an estimated 25 million people, or 30-60% of the European population. -
Jan 1, 1350
Renaissance begins
-was a cultural and artistic movement.
-It spanned from the 14th to the 17th centuries.
-the renaissance involved the development of the arts and political institutions
-It stemmed from Italy, specifically Florence, Italy. -
Jan 1, 1420
Brunelleschi creates Leanear Perspective
Brunelleschi is famous for two paintings that demonstrate linear perspective that he made in the early 1400s.
-The first Baptistery panel was constructed with a hole drilled through the centric vanishing point. -
Oct 12, 1428
Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orleans
- It was part of the Hundred Years’ War. -The victory turned out to be a victory for the French army. -It involved the ruling houses of France and England fighting for supremacy over France.
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Aug 15, 1440
Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press
- the first item to be printed there was a German poem. -Gutenberg took on the Bible project in 1452.
- In 1455 Gutenberg completed his 42-line Bible, known as the Gutenberg Bible.
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Aug 1, 1464
Cosimo de Medici dies
-The cause of Cosimo Medici's death is not specified.
-He died at age 74. -
Jan 1, 1478
Spanish Inquisition begins
-occurred from 1478-1834.
-The inquisition was run by both civil and church authorities in efforts to root out non-believers.
- The Spanish Inquisition was one of the most deadly inquisitions in history.
- In 1478 the Pope asked permission to purify Spain and begin the Spanish Inquisition. -
Jan 1, 1486
Sandro Botticelli paints Birth of Venus
- It depicts the goddess Venus, emerging from the sea as a fully grown woman -The painting is held in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
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Jan 1, 1492
Columbus discovers the America's
-With permission from the monarchs of Spain, Columbus sailed on the ships, Pinta, La Niña and La Santa María
-He sailed in 1492 to discover the New World (North America) -
Jan 1, 1495
da Vinci paints The Last Supper
-The painting potrays Jesus with his apostles during the Last Supper before Jesus' death. -
Jan 1, 1510
Raphael paints The School of Athens
- one of the most famous frescoes by Raphael -it was painted between 1510 and 1511
- It was part of Raphael's commission to decorate the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican.
- The picture has long been seen as "Raphael's masterpiece during The Renaissance.
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Jan 1, 1512
Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel
-best-known chapel in Vatican City
-It is famous for its architecture and its decorations.
-Michelangelo was the artist responsible for painting 1,100 m2 of the chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512
-The ceiling is believed to be his best work. -
Jan 1, 1514
Thomas More Utopia
-Utopia was completed and published in 1516
-It contrasts the social life of European states with the perfectly orderly, reasonable social arrangements of Utopia
-in Utopia, provate property did not exist
-men and women were educated alike
-mainly complete toleration of religion -
Jan 1, 1517
Martin Luther 95 Theses
-They are widely viewed as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.
- The Ninety-Five Theses speak out against traditions in the Catholic Church and how they are wrong. -
Jan 1, 1524
Start of the European Wars of Religion
-series of wars waged in Europe from ca. 1524 to 1648,
- All of these wars were strongly influenced by the religious change of the period:
-the battle of Kappel in Switzerland, the Schmalkaldic War, the Eighty Years' War, the French Wars of Religion, the Thirty Years War, the Wars of the Three Kingdom -
Aug 25, 1530
Ivan the Terrible is born
- Ivan the Terrible was crowned as Tsar of Russia in 1533. -He was described as intelligent and devout, yet given to rage and outbreaks of mental illness -One outburst resulted in the death of heir Ivan Ivanovich.
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Jan 1, 1532
Machiavelli writes the Prince
- political treatise -by political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli -sometimes called one of the first works of modern philosophy
- It was also in direct conflict with Catholic doctrines of the time
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Dec 17, 1533
Henry VIII of England excommunicated
-Henry VIII upset the Pope of the Catholic Church by annulling his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn,
-he declared himself "Supreme Head of the Church of England
-he persecuted those who opposed the Acts of Supremacy and Succession
- The final act of Henry VIII was attacking the religious shrines in England that contained religious relics
-he was excommunicated because of all these actions -
Jan 1, 1534
Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola
- was a Spanish knight, hermit and priest.
- He established the Society of Jesuits in1537. -Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. -Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Church was characterized by unquestioning obedience to the Catholic Church's authority and hierarchy.
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Jul 12, 1536
Desiderius Erasmus dies
-he was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian
Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style.
-He was an early proponent of religious toleration.
- Erasmus died in Basel in 1536 and was buried in the formerly Catholic cathedral there
-Erasmus was his baptismal name, Desiderius was a self-adopted name. -
Feb 19, 1543
Scientific Revolution/ Copernicus
-Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to establish the position of the Earth in relation to the universe
-He was born February 19, 1473
-Copernicus was a mathematician, astronomer, jurist with a doctorate in law, physician, quadrilingual polyglot, classics scholar, translator, artist, Catholic cleric, governor, diplomat and economist
-He is thought to have started the modern ideas of astrology and the scientific revolution
-He died May 24, 1543 -
Jan 1, 1557
Spain declares bankruptcy for the first time
-Resistance against the Emperor of Spain rose because of the heavy taxation.
-The money was being used to pay of debts from wars and to sponsor current wars
-The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles' reign
-resulted in Spain declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II. -
Jan 15, 1558
Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I
-was queen of England and Ireland from November 17, 1558 until her death in March 24, 1603.
-She was sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess.
Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
-In 1558 Elizabeth succeeded the Catholic Mary I. -
Aug 23, 1572
Saint Bartholomew's Massacre
-was directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion.
-The massacre began on 23 August 1572, two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny.
-The massacre lasted several weeks and estimates for the number of dead vary from 5,000 to 30,000.
-The massacre marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. -
Edict of Nantes
- was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France. -The edict granted the Huguenots rights within the country. -----The edict marked the end of the religious wars that had affected France during the second half of the 16th century. -----When the Edict of Nantes was repealed in October 1685 by Louis XIV, Protestant hostility increased against the French government.
