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Women's Christian Temperance Union
-active temperance organization
-first organization of women devoted to social reform
-far-reaching reform strategies based on applied religion
-Frances Willard was the president of the WCTU and influences the Women's Sufferage Amendments
-caused global expansion of women's rights -
Period: to
Harsh Working Conditions
-children as young as six years old working hard hours for little to no pay
-women mostly found jobs in domestic service textile factories and work shops
-children often worked up to 19 hours with one break
-women were payed less than men
-worked in dangerous conditions
-if one was hurt they lost their job -
Pendleton Act of 1883
-provided the federal jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and be selected through competitive exams
-in 1881 a mentally unstable man assassinated James A Garfield in protest against not obtaining a government job
-the public's reaction caused president Arther to introduce this law
-patronage system: practice where after winning an election, gives government jobs to their supporters/friends
merit system: process of promoting and hiring government employees based on ability to preform a job -
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
-The act created a federal regulatory agency, which it charged with monitoring railroads to ensure that they complied with the new regulations
First law to regulate private industry in the US
-The power of the act is to the railroads rates to be "reasonable and just"
Interstate commerce Commission enforce the regulation and investigate allegations of fraud, deception and discrimination -
Assassination of President James Garfield
-shot came from a .44 British Bulldog which the assassin Charles J. Guiteau, had purchased specifically because he thought it would look impressive in a museum
-He had killed Garfeild because of the president's refusal to appoint him to a European consulship
-The assassin was known around Washington as an emotionally disturbed man
-He was convinced that was God's work -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
-was the first federal act that outlawed monopolies
-the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the US congress to prohibit trust
-arrangement stockholders and transferred there to people
-Rockerfeller was the standard oil and felt pressure from the government simply reorganizing into single corporations
-eventually the government stopped trying to enforce the Sherman act -
Period: to
The Progressive Era
-the progressive era was a time of social and political reforms during which corruption and social differences exposed, many changes were made to American society -
Sherman Antitrust Act
-Purpose was to prohibit trust, trust were arrangements where stockholders transferred their shares to a single group of men
-Congress wanted to regulate Interstate Commerce and also prohibit monopolies and activities that hindered competition
-First federal program for regulating private business
-Andrew Carnegie>Accumulation of great wealth by a few in any capitalist society -
Populist People's Party
-Their idea was economic reforms increase in money supply and gradual tax increase
-Wanted direct vote for senetors
-Cause of these ideas was they wanted a greater voice government and populist programs kept alive the concept that the government is responsible for social injustice -
Plessy v. Ferguson
-Black train passenger, Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car, breaking Louisiana law
-By a 7-1 vote, the court said that a state law that "implies merely a legal distinction" between the two races did not conflict with 13th amendment forbidding involuntary servitude, nor did it reestablish such such a condition
-The discussion established the doctrine of "separate but equal" which allowed states to maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as the provided equality -
Gold Discovery in the Rlondike Region
-the gold rush was an event of migration by and estimated 100,000 people moving to the region, only 30,000 ever made it
-gold was discovered in many rich deposits along the Rlondike river
-many did not find gold, many made money off hardware -
Period: to
"Muckracker"
-Muckracker journalism was one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900's
-journalists described immigrant ghettos and poor living conditions of tenement housing
-Muckracker condemnd exploitation of child labor and white slave traffic in women
-they exposed Rockefeller oil industry and his monopolist ways
-authors like Upton Sinclair exposed the meat packing industry which led to the meat packing act and pure food and drug act -
The Jungle
-Written by muckracking journalist Upton Sinclair
-Focus was the human condition in the stockyards of Chicago and exploit the labor of men and women for profit
-Magnified the sickening conditions of the meat packing industry
-As results of making the public aware of the filthy and dangerous conditions, each local government passed its own set of health codes as well -
Pure Food and Drug Act
-prevented the manufacture, sale or transportation of adulterated, mislabeled or poisonous food, drugs or medicines
-was the first of many consumer protection laws
-the law required to label any drugs that are addictive including alcohol, morphine, opium and cannabis
-this law caused Coca-Cola have to replace the cocaine in their products with caffiene -
Social Gospel
-settlement houses like the hull house with Jane Addams and religious groups helped start the social gospel movement
-they believe that churches had a duty to solve societys problems and preaced salvation through service to the poor
-they were criticized by others, believed the social gospel movement because they did not believe they could help
inspired even more reform acts -
NAACP
-National Association for the advancement of colored people and racial equality
had over 6,000 members by 1914
aimed for nothing less than full equality among the races
W.E.B Du Bois in 1909 helped establish the NAACP
-two president s who followed Roosevelt also did little to advance the goal of equality -
16th Amendment
-allows congress to levy an income tax on the people
-its biggest effect was it shifted the balance of power torward the federal government and away from state
-progressive favoring or advocating progress and change
revenue: collective items of income of a person, state ect.
tariff: tax of duty to be paid -
17th Amendment
-the senate of the US shall be composed of two senators from each state elected by the people
-changed the theory about who senators represented, shifting the focus from state govs to the residents of states
direct election: system of choosing political office holders in which the voters directly case ballots for the person -
Bull Moose Party
-the founder was Theodore Roosevelt
-he was defeated in the republic primaries and broke off
-the party advocated women sufferage, worker men corp, an 8 hour workday, a minimum wage for women and federal laws against child labor and federal trade -
Federal Reserve Act
-Nation needed a way to strengthen the ways in which banks were run
-The act divided the nation into 12 districts and established a central bank in each district
-the federal reserve banks could issue new paper currency in emergency situations and member banks could use new currency to make loans to their customers
-By 1923 roughly 70 percent of the nations banking resources were part of the federal reserve system -
Federal Reserve Act-Event
-caused by the nations need to strengthen how banks were run and quickly adjust amount of money in circulation and have enough money support to keep up with the economy
-gave 12 federal reserve banks the ability to print money in order to ensure econmic stability
-helped create the federal reserve system and centralized banking known as "bankersbank"
-made the value of the US dollar stronger by influencing the economy -
Progressive Party
-the founder of the bull moose party is Theodore Roosevelt
-he was defeated in the republic primaries and broke off
-the party advocated women suffrage, workmen's compensation an eight hour work day, a minimum wage for women, federal trade -
18th Amendment
-caused the widespread belief that consumption of alcohol was deteriorating Americans health and causing criminal activities
-established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the the US by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol illegal
-instead of reducing crime it created organized crime -
18th Amendment vocabulary
temperance: restraint or moderation from drinking
prohibition: nation wide ban of alcohol
flapper: generation of young western women in the 1920's who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz and flaunted their unacceptable behavior -
19th Amendment
-women wanted equality
-granted women the right to vote, a right known as suffrage
-helped women move closer to equality in all aspects of American life
-women advocated for jobs, fairer wages, education, sex education and birth control -
Red Record
-Ida B. Wells, one of the co-founders of the NAACP, wrote the Red Record
-The central topic of this pamphlet was to inform everyone on how black people were being treated, for example some would be lynched
-The Red Record's effect on society is the states began to recognizing the seriousness of these subjects and began taking action -
the Revolution
-focused on women's rights and women's sufferage
-Susan B Anthony and Elizebeth Cady Stanton bot were publisher and editor
-together they provided leadership for ending slavery in the US in 1865