Joseph

America 20th c (still me just studying, don't click)

By D. Dot
  • Period: to

    Civil War

    Cuz 2 systms: with slaves/without slaves
    The Union (~North) won against the Former Confederate States (most of South). But S may hv lost the war, it didn't lose the ideological battle Traumatic exp: many died
  • Period: to

    Reconstruction

    Changes:
    - economy: from agricol to industrl
    - massive immigration: bc of indstrliz°; in 1940s in Chicago many immi =/= in South, only 1% wr immi
    Attempt to cmplty transfrm South that linked to slavery (slave owners wr minority but they girlbossed) 30y btw slavry and segrg°: black had vote, school... But majority was against (= growing opposition, lk military, KKK & all, terrorism...)
  • Act of 1866

    Act of 1866
    "Republicans in Congress responded to the Black Codes with the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the first federal attempt to constitutionally define all American-born residents (except Native peoples) as citizens."
    Yawp
  • Opposi° by white supremasists

    Opposi° by white supremasists
    2 ideas:
    - "Black Negro Rule" = if equal rights, blacks will oppress and rule over them + degrading for whites to treat them equally
    - "Recnstrc° forced by Un°, unwtd by the South" = Un° manipulated the blacks for them Managed to hv majority by repress° and scam votings of black voters
    1870s/80s: segrega° was illegal
    By 1910: separ° in states of S was the norm/law (not alws agnst blacks, lk in San Fransisco whr agnst Chinese)
  • Chns Exclus° Act + Qualitative Resctrc°

    Chns Exclus° Act + Qualitative Resctrc°
    Until 1882: no immi resctric°
    Labor cmpt° wr oppsd to immi + Cultr diffrcs raised racism "Qualitative Resct°" : ppl with contagious diseases or immorality cldn't passe Until 1921 (Emergency Quota Law): 95% entered
  • Beginning Exclusion Rights

    Beginning Exclusion Rights
  • Hull House in Chicago by Jane Addams

    Hull House in Chicago by Jane Addams
    Prgrssvly Hull House exposed condi° in local sweatshops & for the organz° of workers. "Hull House workers surveyed their community and produced statistics on poverty, disease, and living conditions"
    Yawp
    Prgsrvly got mr & mr engaged & social reformist
  • Battle of the Wounded Knee

    Battle of the Wounded Knee
    Final indgns battle
    They wr killed directly (wars) and indrctly (diseases -smtms vlntry, smtms not-)
    They had to chg ways of living: no mr buffalo, Am erased their cultr (took children and put them in boarding schools), forced them to give up their sharing lands (making it; 1 land= 1 person) Constant shifting of line/frontier of West
  • Frederic Jackson Turner, conference

    Frederic Jackson Turner, conference
    Lamented fact that no more West expans° (by the way, Mexico lost 1/3 of its trrtry and Oklahoma was "rsrvrd" for natives but obv got open for sttlmts & then occupied) Idea that Am needed to grow over their contintl borders= open ways to Chine's market (wld sell their surplus)
    For this needed big army and navy. Hwvr, had policy of isolationism (Am & Erp stay out of e-others buisnss) + Monroe Doctrine + majority was agnst Am imperialism (cuz created agnst it and wld hv to deal with non-whites)
  • Supreme Court Decision of Plessy vs Ferguson

    Supreme Court Decision of Plessy vs Ferguson
    Supreme Court decid that States had right to impose segrgntl separation if wanted.
    -> imposed by Sates, not Federal System Segrg°: psyhical separation of ppl
  • Period: to

    Spanish-American War

    Began with Cuba (which Spn wtd to keep for sugar) in 1895 cuz wtd indpdc. Am bsnss-men wtd this sweet $ so did propaganda to get Cuba "free from opress°" and Am obv had to help. Am had military ships boarded there
    Am won and got bunch of Spn colonies (lk Hawaï (sugar & pineapple)) which d't annex but left troops to ctrl them. Am forced Cuba to write in their Consitu° "if u country goes into shit, Am has rights to invade them", but still Cuba is "indpt"
  • Suffrage amendments

    Suffrage amendments
    By 1911, 6 westrn states had passd their amdmts to their constitu°
  • 19th Amendment

    19th Amendment
    C't hv law in any state that voting is only for men
    But states cld still deprieve them for voting so it d't chg their situa°: women who cld vote since 1918 in N states still voted; black women who lived in states whr black men c't vote still c't vote (had to wait to 60s)
  • Period: to

    18th Amdment

    Prohibi°
  • National Origins Act

    National Origins Act
    As csqc of extrm restric°s for immi, factories lost $ since d't hv/had less manufactures -> went for mexicans
    + it created new cat of immi= illlegal aliens
  • Period: to

    Herbert Hoover (Pres)

    Hoovert only helped with volunteerism: Pres Orgnz° for Unemplmt Relief (POUR) + encouraged charities (1/4 closed my mid-1932 cuz overwhlmd) + associa°nalism (systm of vlntry ac°). He d't tk any direct ac° cuz believed in limited Gov
  • Plummeting stock market prices

    Plummeting stock market prices
    Lead to fear: investors dumped their porfolios to avoid further losses
  • Black Tuesday

    Black Tuesday
    Stock values evaporated By end 1932 most Am had suffrd directly. Sucked for women (esp married) and non-white Am (na°l unemplmt: 25%; while black unmplmt: 50%)
  • Lowest point of Gr-Depr°

    Lowest point of Gr-Depr°
    • 1/4 X job; those with work, often was part-time
    • Farmers X $ to harvest -> no food
    Crash d't by itself cause the Gr D°. It underlined existing prblms in Am's eco: rising inqlties (vast gap btw rich and poor), declining demand (overpod° and decline of domestic consump°), rural collapse (farmers got it bad even befr with loans too big and credits too tight), overextend investors and bursting of specculative bubbles
    Panic and failure of bank system caused it
  • Severe droughts in Great Plains

    Severe droughts in Great Plains
    • Exodus to West (esp California which had rains); ie: Oklahoma lost 18% of its 1930 ppl° => signifct reversal in flow of ppl btw rural & urban. But so much that many W States put up barriers and blockades
    • Fear that aliens wld work for even lower wages -> denied visas to immi laborers & artisans (hit Mexican immi partclry hard)
  • The Bonus Army

    The Bonus Army
    +15000 unempld veterans & their families converged on Wshgtn D.C to peti° bill authorizing immediate payment of cash bonuses to veterans of WW1 (orgnly schdld for 1945)
    Hoover opposed bill. Many stayed to press their case. Pres calld them "insurrc°nists" & ordrd them to leave.
    General Douglas McArthur with local police, infantry, cavalry, tanks, machine gun squadron; stormed the tent city and chased its ppl= 2 marchers killed + baby died by tear gas
  • Period: to

    (1st) New Deal by Roosevelt

    Laws designed to stop worst of Gr D°, he immdtly lkd to stabliz collapsing banking systm: succsfly asked public to place their trust & savings in banks. Congress pssd the Glass-Steagall Banking Act (=federal deposit insurc systm) thru the Fdrl Deposit Insurance Corpor° (FDIC) & barred mixing of cmmrcial & investmt banking
    Also created jobs: Civilian Consrv° Corps (CCC); Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA)...
    New Deal was esply apprt in S
  • Na° Labor Rela°s Act/Wagner Act

    Na° Labor Rela°s Act/Wagner Act
    It guarantd rights of most workers to un°ze and bargain collctvly (-> un°zd workrs pushed for higher wages, shorter hours & bttr condi°. Won)
  • Period: to

    (2nd) New Deal

    Fair Labor Standards Act: modern min wage
    Social Security Act: provided for old-age pens°, unemplmt insurance and economic aid; based on means to assist both elderly & depndt children (-> financed from payroll, not the Frdl gov -to remove stigma-) Blacks & women didn't rly benefit from Nw Dl Ended with WW2 (which ended Gr D° which created new jobs)
  • Court Packing Plan

    Court Packing Plan
    Suprm Court md mr prgrssv (>70y got dismissed)
  • Period: to

    WW2

    -"Good war"/just
    -growth of eco (esp thx to Am soldiers who did free ad bscly)
    -Avia° Industry on West Coast (=> attrctv states)
    -Full emplmt= cld leave jobs bttr ones= negotia°
    -Idea of higher taxes for higher incomes= redistrbt° of wealth
    -Life expctncy incrsd by 3y for Am & 5y for Af-Am (since had lower)
    -Baby boom
    -no fighting on Am soils
    -Incrs of racism, esp Jpns & Ger
    -Empwrd women but only during war
    -birth of happnss thru consmrsm of capitalism After = strg repression
  • Period: to

    Cold War

  • J.Kennedy speech & book Nat° of Immi

    J.Kennedy speech & book Nat° of Immi
    Immi was mr acceptable as a thing of Past rather than Pres: in past= good immi =/= in pres: bad immi. So "gd immi" wr descandents of immi
  • Period: to

    1950s

    Increase of rl of Fdrl Gov, of Exectv Branch (contind until Reagan) -> Fedrl bureaucracy grew
    => idea that gov can be on workrs' side
    Socly prgrssv policies (New Deal Coalition) Semi eco growth; triumph of comformity; ~happy period=propaganda
    Blurred soc classes: factry & office workrs received sm $
    Homophobia (linked with gnrt°nl gap fears)
    Life in suburbs=/=urban (=disconnec°) 1 reason of its end: S wld becm Rpbclns
  • Brown vs Board of educa°

    Brown vs Board of educa°
    (Civil Rights: beaf btw white S & evrn1 else)
    Suprm Court said sgrga° is "inherently inql" and that separa° produces in black childre feelings of inferiority which decrs their chc
    Had limits: only 2ndry (not cllg/uni), only public schools & States need to enforce this with no set date or sanct°
  • Rosa Park

    Rosa Park
    Boycott of bus which succssd bc the bus company got almost bankrupt without its black users thus bus acceptd to not hv segrt°l seats
  • Period: to

    1960s

    =decade of turmoil & emancipa°
    Great Prgrm by Pres Johnson (Democrat): racial justice, fight agnst poverty
  • Cuban Missile Crisis

    Cuban Missile Crisis
    In response to the United States’ longtime maintenance of a nuclear arsenal in Turkey and at the invitation of the Cuban government, the Soviet Union deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba
  • "Feminine Mystic" by Friedan

    "Feminine Mystic" by Friedan
    Abt oppress° over staying in (nuclear) model for women.
    Began interwievs of women in 50s.
    "Prblm that has no name": idea that wm cldn't complain if d't find happnss in their nuclear model
    Also at this time that began medicaliza° of wm (trqlzrs)
  • Assassina° Kennedy

    Assassina° Kennedy
  • August 1963 March on Washington

    August 1963 March on Washington
    Askd: civil rights legislation, school integra°, end to discrimina° by public & private employers, job training for the unemployed, & a raise in the min wage
    + "I hv a dream" by M.L.King
  • Civil Rights Act

    Civil Rights Act
    =discrimin° & segrg° illegal evrwhr & all aspects of life
  • Public Eco Opprtny Act

    Public Eco Opprtny Act
    Suprvsd & financly helpd commnty based prgrms (idea that Gov helpd ppl that help thmslvs)
  • Period: to

    Vietnam War (1955-1975)

    1964: Jhnsn ordrd increase of US miltry presc in Viet to prevent communist takeover of S
    By 1967: mny anti-war demonstra° => was the 1st "living room war" (big coverage of conflicts brutality) R.Nixon won elec° (1969-74) by playing on both sides: promised to end war but actly pursued a "madman startgy" hoping win faster. Failed. Got discvrd. Evn mr manifest° (still minority since mny Am saw it as a "just" war)
  • Voting Rights Act

    Voting Rights Act
    Prohibits racial discrimination in voting (made esp for Sthrn states that d't let Afr-Am vote)
  • Medicare

    Medicare
    1st healthcare; Congress aprvd of medical cause of +65y, their medical bills wr payed by Gov, equal for evr1 (rich & poor)
    Most pplr, stayed even after
  • Elementary & 2ndry School Act + Higher Educa° Act

    Elementary & 2ndry School Act + Higher Educa° Act
    For schools that d't hv enough $
    +
    sm + free pass on campus for poor students
  • Project Head Start

    Project Head Start
    Most pplr
    Free educa° for poor young children lk kindergarden
  • Bloody Sunday

    Bloody Sunday
    Activists attempted to march from Selma to Montgomery (Alabama). Ths peaceful protesters wr attacked by white law enforcement with batons and tear gas
  • Period: to

    War on Poverty

    Johnsn came to cl° that to end it, had to hv strong hov intervene
    Main reason for poverty was discrimina°: maj of non-wh
    Cost much (over 3 bill° $) -> taxes incrsd, esp on wealthy ppl
    - created new dep (lk public housing constrc°)
    - put public $ in Arts&Sci
    - created Corpr° for public broadcasting
    - VISTA (Vltnry I Servc To Am), was kinda flop
    - Free public legal advice
    - Food Stamps Prgrm
  • Medicaid

    Medicaid
    Medical bills paid for the poorest
    Not as pplr as Medicare cuz mny wrn't poor enough
  • Tet Offensive

    Tet Offensive
    Coverage of war: no formal censorship, but White House & military painted deceptive img of War, voices of true journalists got kinda shut down by TV
    Got exposed by Tet Offensive
  • Effects of War on Pvrty

    Effects of War on Pvrty
    1969: 12% Am lived under poverty line =/= 1960: 22% Impact wsn't visible for maj Am (who got back to poor=lazy stigma, esp by Consrvtvs)
    Prgrms had result but quickly wr impopplr
    Grp that got most of it: oldern Am
  • Seymour Hersh = unhmansm of US troops

    Seymour Hersh = unhmansm of US troops
    Investigate reporter debunked them
  • Stonewall

    Stonewall
    Gay bar in Mhttn
    Was regular obj of police attacks -with beating-. 1 time gays fought back -> turning point = demand/will fight equal rights
  • Period: to

    Conservative Backlash

    End of prosperity times => wt cmbck of mr trdn°l values with order. At sm time country did get mr modern (mr indvdl freedom & acceptance)
    Growing idea that Gov sh't hv to fix social prblms (lk poverty, "poor cultr") -> suspic° for gov (esp after reveal of their propaganda of Viet) => Nixon played on this & did Federalism (~local gov > big gov)
    Critical of evrthing new: youth not patriotic enough, resented "sxl libera°" + lgbt politics & policies
  • Paris Peace Accords

    Paris Peace Accords
    N & S Viet signed treaty, marking offcl end of US force commtmt to Viet War
  • Roe vs Wade/Legaliz° of Abor° by Sprm Court

    Roe vs Wade/Legaliz° of Abor° by Sprm Court
    Rights of privacy
    -> fracture btw Rpblcns & Dmcrts (+ arnd this time that came idea politics=ur id)
    Befr this, politics d't cr much abt abr°. After, sm took it as their center of intrst and basing their politics on their relig°: Chrstn Right
  • Watergate Scandal

    Watergate Scandal
    Bscly Nixon wtd to spy on his adversaries but got caught
    Nixon resigned befr cld remove him
  • Communist Vietnam

    Communist Vietnam
    N won and Viet got united under commnst gov
  • 1970s - Civil Rights & Cultr

    1970s - Civil Rights & Cultr
    Prominent & competing ideologies fractrd Cvl Rghts Mvmt (Black power mvmt =/= integr°nist dreams) + incrsd visible violence (lk urban riots) tainted its percep°
    Their evolu° was reflctd in cultr which wsn't wh-male dominated: existed segmented cultrs (often revlvd arnd music styles, style of dressing, physicl apprnc...) 70s had cultrl forms that:
    - appld to wh-working class
    - disco offrd new, optimistic, racially intergrated pop music
  • Elec° of Ronald Reagan

    Elec° of Ronald Reagan
    Clear turn in public opn°. Clear Cnsrtv. + Thatcher (1979)
    - Hate twrd communism
    - dismantle wealther states; remove obstrc° of private bsnss; indvdlsm > solidrty
    - idea that market was right & Gov sh'd hv active role Wtd to return to pre-Nw Dl era
    His supporters: blue collars + consrvtvs + chrstns and other na°lst patriotic men => wtd law & order with less taxes
  • Reagan's eco policies

    Reagan's eco policies
    Supprtd theory of cutting taxes and Gov spending. Did cut taxes -on wealthier & buisnss-, hwvr incrsd militry spending (esp in contxt of Cold War) -> huge defecit in Fdrl Gov -> cut a lot of social prgrms (partclry wealth care -not Medicare cuz too pplr)
    1981: created a recess°, had to incorprt sm buisnss taxes again Part budget was for miltry, but also into States (that d't tk into account the dift state & particularities of States cuz poverty isn't equal evrywhr) -> Poverty grew rapidly
  • George H. W. Bush elected

    George H. W. Bush elected
    Announcd a New World Un° with intrn°l trade (=optimistic view of globalz°)
  • Iraq invaded Kuwait

    Iraq invaded Kuwait
  • Period: to

    Gulf War

    US force mostly thru air and after stayed out of Iraq -with militry forces still near- (d't wt another guerilla war)
    Also covered, but with even more censura -> no journalist documented actual truth
  • Bill Clinton elected

    Bill Clinton elected
    Won by saying that w't do big Gov & that Bush's mr intrstd in intern°l matters than in domestic ones (which he tlkd abt)
    1st baby boomer Pres: looked cool, modern & charismatic Had universal health care prgrm, carried by his wife, H.Clinton, d't pass cuz considrd too liberal (also prob cuz propsd by woman)
  • "Don't ask, don't tell"

    "Don't ask, don't tell"
    Clinton passed other "modern" reforms. For ex, ended the policy in army asking if gay/lesbian & gays shldn't be in the open