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Monroe Doctrine
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. -
Indian Removal
Law signed by Andrew Jackson giving the president unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. Few left peacefully, but many tribes resisted the relocation. -
Manifest destiny
Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. -
Nativism
Severe immigration laws. These laws were made to discourage and discriminate against foreigners. The foreigners were believed to erode old-fashioned American values. -
Susan B Anthony
She was a lecturer for women's rights. Susan believed that men and women were equal. She fought for her rights even though people objected. -
Bessemer Process
A cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850. The first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace -
Homestead Act
It allowed any American to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land. The head of a family could qualify for a grant of land by paying a fee and living on the land continuously for five years. Southern states voted against this act. -
Industrialization
The large-scale introduction of manufacturing, advanced technical enterprises, and other productive economic activity into an area. After the Civil War, industry expanded as millions of people left their farms to work in mines and factories. -
Robber Barons
Entrepreneurs that grew rich through corrupt means. They were very common in the railroad industry. They mistreated their workers or employees. One of the notable ones was John Rockefeller. -
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The Gilded Age
The most competitive political time in US history. The time of economic growth, the second industrial revolution, urbanization, immigration, and political/economic corruption. It was the era where Congress and Business were more important and influential than the presidency during this time. -
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Social Gospel
A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. They created settlement houses. The Social Gospel Movement also attacked the concept of Social Darwinism. -
Urbanization
A population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. Immigrant settlement, industrialization, decline of farmers (new technology, fewer workers), and more cultural opportunities -
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. This was for the fear that they were driving down wages for whites. By 1902, Chinese immigration banned completely. Became eligible for citizenship in 1943 -
Haymarket Riot
In a labor protest, someone threw a bomb at a police and a riot broke out in Haymarket square. 8 people died. This was viewed as a setback for the organized labor movement. -
Dawes Act
This act split up the Indian's land and gave it to individuals. The goal was to get the Indians into theAmerican agricultural way. Tribes were split up and only families can own land together -
Jane Addams
Social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House. She helped other women join the fight for reform, as well as influencing the creation of other settlement houses. She is also known as "the mother of social work" -
Progressivism
A variety of responses to the economic and social problems that rapid industrialization brought to America. Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism. -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant and philanthropist. He led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry. He vertically and horizontally integrated his steel company. -
Clarence Darrow
General attorney for the Chicago and North Western Railway. He left the North Western to defend Eugene V. Debs and other union leaders arrested on a federal charge of contempt of court arising from the Pullman Strike. Darrow established a national reputation as a labour and criminal lawyer. -
Ida B Wells
A female African American journalist and newspaper editor. An early leader in the civil rights movement, she documented the extent of lynching in the United States. She urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores -
Populism
racism in the south. populist movements were biracial, southerners felt threatened by black power, push harder to limit political rights
future democratic reforms: income tax, direct election of senators, secret ballot -
Eugene V Debs
He organized the American Railway Union, which waged a strike against the Pullman Company of Chicago in 1894. It united all rail workers "into one, compact working force for legislative as well as industrial action" -
William Jennings Bryan
Bryan’s 1896 campaign marked a long-term shift within the Democratic party. It changed from a Jacksonian commitment to minimal government toward a positive view of government. -
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Klondike Gold Rush
When a gold nugget was found on this river by an average man, people rushed to the sight by 100,000s. It took years to even reach the sight because of the harsh weather. Only about 40,000 actually made it to the sight and few ever found anything. -
Yellow Journalism
journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to attract readers. This was made popular by Jospeh Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. This was also one of the cause of the Spanish-American War -
Immigrants and the American Dream
They hoped that they can all be free, rich, and famous through lots of hard work. They saw new opportunities and a new beginning in this "new world." The dream for the Irish immigrants specifically was to escape the revolution. -
Initiative and Referendum
Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. These made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific. -
Recall
The people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. this made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people. -
Theodore Roosevelt
Made the Roosevelt Corollary of December 1904. This stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations and did not violate the rights of the United States or invite “foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations.” -
Muckraker
Muckrakers were journalists who wrote about injustices and exposed the filth of society. They revealed the industrial industry to the middle class americans. Ida Tarbell (History of Standard Oil), Sinclair Lewis (Shame of the Cities), Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) -
Upton Sinclair
Author who wrote about the horrors in the food industry. He wrote about the horrible working conditions and bad quality of meat. His publication led to the Pure Food and Drug Act -
Pure Food and Drug Act
Signed by Teddy Roosevelt signed this act that prohibited the interstate transportation and sale of impure, contaminated food.This law was made after 'The Jungle' revealed the unsanitary methods food manufacturers used, This was the first federal food law. -
Dollar Diplomacy
Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy. This was through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries. Used America's financial powers rather than military intervention, to extend their influence abroad. -
Federal Reserve Act
This created the new Federal Reserve Board. The board oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money. The Act intended to establish a form of economic stability in the United States by creating a central bank. -
17th Amendment
This amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. This law was intended to create a more democratic, fair society. -
16th Amendment
This allowed Congress to take an income tax. This made the rich pay their fair share to the government. It also allowed the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 to lower many tariffs -
18th Amendment
Prohibited the non-medical sale of alcohol. This amendment is the midpoint of a growing drive towards women's rights as well as showing the moral attitude of the era. -
19th Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. -
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
This revealed the amount of greed and corruption within a presidential administration. The scandal involved ornery oil tycoons, poker-playing politicians, illegal liquor sales, a murder-suicide, a womanizing president and bribery cash. It was the first time a U.S. cabinet official served jail time for a felony committed while in office. -
Political Machines
political entities controlled by a boss that wielded enormous influence over the government of urban cities. they were very corrupt, controlled tax rates, gave tax breaks to their allies and controlled prices and business, etc. Gave money to support businesses, immigrants, and the poor in return for their votes.
