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Black Codes
The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
13th Amendment
Abolished Slavery -
14th Amendment
Defined citizenship, and expnded civil rights -
15th amendment
Citizens shall not be denied the right to vote (gave blacks the right to vote). -
Jim Crow Laws
Local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Cour. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Also served as a lawyer in brown v. board of education. -
Orville Faubus
Known for his 1957 stand against the desegregation of the Little Rock School District during the Little Rock Crisis, in which he defied a unanimous decision of the United States Supreme Court by ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop black students from attending Little Rock Central High School. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an African-American Civil Rights activist, whom the United States Congress called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". -
Hector P. Garcia
Dr. Hector Garcia Perez was a Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum. -
Lester Madox
Refused to serve black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, in defiance of the Civil Rights Act. -
George Wallace
Enforce constitutional rights for all citizens. He eventually renounced segregationism but remained a populist. -
Civil Disobedience
The active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. -
19th amendment
Gave women the right to vote. -
Betty Friedan
Leading figure in the women's movement in the United States. -
Lynching
Public executions by a mob, often by hanging, in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a minority group. -
Cesar Chavez
American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist, who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., was an American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. -
20th Amendment
Sets the dates at which federal (United States) government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies. -
Nonviolent Protest
The practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. -
Sharecropping/Tenant Farming
System in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management; while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at times varying amounts of capital and management. -
Desegregation
Process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races. -
Brown v. Board of Education
United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a seminal event in the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. -
Civil rights act of 1957
Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress in the United States since the 1866 and 1875 Acts. -
Sit-Ins
sit quietly and wait to be served. -
24th amendment
Prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. -
Veteran Rights Act of 1965
Enforced voting rights -
Affirmative Action
Policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination within a culture. -
26th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied. -
Title IX (9)
Comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity.
