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Harsh Working Conditions
Under 9 can't work in factories. Industrial revolution spread to the U.S. Many worked over 12 hours a day. It sucked -
Bessemer Steel Production
Creation of fast proccessing steel was the cause of the growth of America. Steel prices were lowered and allowed the production of tall buildings. Named after its inventor Henry Bessemer, discovered by William Kelly. -
Homestead Act
Several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. Originally, consisted of grants totaling 160 acres (65 hectares, or one-quarter section) of unappropriated federal land within the boundaries of the public land states. -
13th Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. -
14th Amendment
The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The Southern States did not agree to this but were forced to vote pro amendment. -
15th Amendment
Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". -
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The Gilded Age and Westward Expansion
A perido of economic growth, especially in the North and West, but also much social conflict. The term was coined by Mark Twain in his book The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which was a satire about the poverty underlying the economic success. -
James Garfield
Charles was not appointed to be a diplomatic post that he felt he deserved. Kept being denied by associates the oppurtunity to talk to Garfield. -
Pendleton Act
Government jobs should be awarded based on merit not the "spoil", who you know with higher status, system. -
Commerce Act
United States Federal law designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices.
Required that railroad rates be reasonable and just. -
Sherman Antitrust Act
Prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anticompetitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts. Imposes entities, such as monopolies and cartels that could potentially harm market competition. People were skeptic about giving the government control over private business ventures. -
Alfred Thayer Mahan
U.S. Navy Flight officer
Goal to determine who cotrolled the sea and gain control. Strategic Naval info -
Klondike
A migration (100,000) Klondike region of Canada. Gold discovered which triggered a stampede of prospectors. Around 4,000 struck gold.Brutal journey. -
Henry Cabot Lodge
Wanted the U.S. to expand. Imperialist, believed in strong navy. Friends with Theodore Roosevelt. -
USS Maine
Sent to Cuba to help with the Independencre of Cuba from Spain. The ship was destroyed and the attack blamed on the Spanish. -
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Expanding World Power
In this time period, Americaa changes their view from internal epansion and domestic issues to becoming a global force, both economically and militarily. -
Air Conditioning
In places like Egypt, dry climates/deserts, and the sun belt in the United States, the temperatures were extreme and humid. The air conditionor allowed residents to use water and air in order to cool off their spaces. It also helped during the Great Migration of the 1920's to the Sun Belt. -
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Muckraker Journalism
Provide detailed info on political and economical corruption caused by big businesses. -
The Jungle
(Upton Sinclair) A book about the life of immigrants in Chicago. Unsanitary food eating habits -
NAACP
An African American civil rights organization in the United States who set out to "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination". -
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Angel Island
(San Francisco Bay)- Asian immagrants were treated as if they were criminals, while locked up in cages for weeks, months and even years. -
Stock Market Crash
People bought stock, then the market crashed, people wanted their money, bank doesnt have it. BOOM. -
League Of United Latin American Citizens
LULAC was created to combat the discrimination faced by Hispanics and to protect the rights of all non whites. -
Edgewood v. Kirby
Nicknamed the "Robin Hood Plan", a legeslation enacted by the U.S. state of Texas in order to provide court-mandated equal school financing for all school districts in the state, (kind of like how Robin Hood stole from the rich and gave to the poor). Although its done with good intentions, this is illegal. -
Axis powers
WW2 against the allied powers.Germany, Italy, Japan
Anticommunist treaty signed by Japan and Germany in 1936 -
House Un-American Activities
The group was created to investigae "Un-American" activities, which caused a minor panic within the citizens who would lose their jobs after being investigated. -
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Rock n Roll
It began as a movement with African American genres like jazz and blues. It encouraged the youth to act out against their traditional values. -
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2nd Great Migration
Migration of more than 5 million African Americans from the rural South to the North and West. Moved to attain skilled jobs, saftey, and freedom. -
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Civil Rights Movement
The executive Order 8802 was signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt to prohibit racial discrimination in the defense industry, which would allow for faster production of war products for WW2. -
Congress Of Racial Eqaulity
CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. It was one of the "Big Four" civil rights organizations, along with the SCLC, the SNCC, and the NAACP and sought to apply the principles of nonviolence as a tactic against segregation. The group's inspiration was Mahatma Gandhi's teachings of non-violence resistance. -
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Baby Boom
After being away from their families for so long, Soldiers came back to create big families with their wives. -
Establisment of the G.I Bill
The bill provided benefits for World War 2 veterans and included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, cash payments of tuition and living expenses to attend college, high school or vocational education. It started with the war veterans coming back to nothing after the war. -
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Arms Race
The race between the United States and Soviet Union to create the greatest nuclear weapon after the original creation of the "Little Boy" and "Fat Man". -
Sam Walton
Creator of Wal Mart and Sam's Club, he made sure to supply customers with a wide variety of things instead of having to go to many stores, put his stores in urban places, and buys at huge quantities which cause the price to go down. -
Mindez vs. Westminster
A federal court case that challenged racial segregation in Orange County, California schools that ruled that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional. This was much like the Brown vs Board of Education trial of 1954. -
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's policy of providing economic and
military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. The Monroe Policy in 1823 stated that efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. Domino theory, if on country became communist, than the surrounding countries would also become communist. -
Twenty Second Amendment
This sets a term limit for election to the office of President of the United States, reasons popularly addressed to George Washington's decision not to seek a third term as evidence that the founders saw a two-term limit as a bulwark against a monarchy. -
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Cold War
The Cold War began with the Truman Doctrine in 1947 and ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990. Effects include a stimulated economy and more people entering the work force. -
Marshall Plan
American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again. -
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Berlin Airlift
The Soviets set up a blockade in Germany in order to block off supply flow and force sommunism in Berlin. Due to the Domino policy that says that if one European country falls to communism, the surrounding countries will to. The only way to help is by delivering supplies by airlift, specifically, landing every 3 minutes for 24 hours delivering to the Germans. -
Delgado vs. Bastrop ISD
Mexican Americans claimed they had been denied use of facilities used by "other white races" in the same school and in 1948 In 1948 the League of United Latin American Citizens, joined by the American G.I. Forum of Texas, successfully challenged these inequities of the Texas public school system. Hispanics were considered to be "white", so you cannot segregate your own race. -
Desegration of the US military
Executive Order 9981 was issued by President Harry S. Truman and abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services. Truman's Order expanded on Executive Order 8802 by establishing equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all races, religions, or national origins. -
NATO
Stands for "North Atlantic Traety Organization" which was created in 1949 to form an alliance against the Soviet Union. -
Senate Hearings
Led by Joe McCarthy, the SACB had a similiar madate as the HUAC and held "which hunts" in order to find communists in America. -
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Korean War
War between South Korea(supported by the UN) and North Korea(supported by the soviets) that ended with a cease fire agreement. -
Sweatt vs. Painter
Successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson and was even influential in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education four years later. Texas. The first college. When it comes to graduate school, there must be intergration. -
Polio Vaccine by Dr. Jonas Salk
It reduced the worlwide incidence from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 223 in 2012. -
Brown v. Board Of Education
The landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional and ,ultimately, overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, as long as it applied to public education. -
Hernandez vs. Texas
The case that decided that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. -
Montgomery bus boycott- Rosa Parks
A campaign that started when Rosa parks, an African American woman, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. Many important civil rights figures participated in the bus boycotts, where they refused to get up as a form of sit-down protests. -
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Vietnam War
Russia initially, backed vietnam and since France was trying to colonize Vietnam, they got US help. France, overwhelmed by the Soviets, wanted to pull out, but due to the containment and domino ploicies they couldnt. -
Sputnik Launch
The first artificial Earth Satellite launched by the Soviet Union. This triggered the "Space Race" -
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Space Race
Struggle between the Soviets and America to put the first satelite in outer space. The soviets initially won with the Putnik. The race was actually a way to let the world know who the greater world government was and spread their ideals.The United States responded to the Sputnik by putting the first man on the moon. -
Southern Christian Leadership
The first President, Martin Luther King gathered 60 black ministers and leaders to Ebenezer Church in Atlanta. SCLC's belief that churches should be involved in political activism against social ills was also deeply controversial. -
Orval Faubus
Governor of Kansas, he deployed the Arkansas National Guard to support the segregationists and block a group of 9 black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. The Supreme Court previously ruled against segregation in public schools (Brown v board of education) but Faubus faught against it. -
Creation of NASA
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Cuban Missile Crisis
The Americans placed their missiles in Turkey and Italy which a strategic point in order to better take over the Soviet Union. Due to the Americans trying to overthrow the Cuban government, the Soviets teamed up with Cuba and placed missiles there as a strategic point for America. Initially, the plan to overthrow the Cuban government was suggested by JFK's advisors, but the failure was blamed on the president himself. -
Student Non Violent
Organized by Ella Baker, the played a major role in the sit-ins and freedom rides, a leading role in the 1963 March on Washington, Mississippi Freedom Summer, and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party over the next few years. SNCC's major contribution was in its field work, organizing voter registration drives all over the South, especially in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi -
Congressional Southern Democrats
Tried to stop all legeslation dealing with desegregation laws. -
JFK
JFK was the first President to televise his campaign and since he was young and good looking and had a calming prescence -
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President John F Kennedy's inauguration-Fall of Saigon, Vietnam to Communist forces
The Fall of Saigon marked the end of the Vietnam war -
Berlin Wall
The Berlin wall was constructed to cut off West Berlin from East Germany and East Berlin by the Soviets to further entrap the Germans and symbolized the Iron Curtain. It fell in 1989 and symbolized freed and marked the end of the Cold War. -
Twenty Third Amendment
Aloows citizens in the District of Columbia (Washington D.C.) to vote for Electors for President and Vice President. Since it is not an official state, they could not vote on local instances. -
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JFK ON VIETNAM
Jfk increased the amount of US special forces in Vietnam in order to crack down on and stop communism -
Executive Order 10925, JFK
Ensured that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin but only in federal government jobs at the time. -
Friendship 7
The first satellite to actually go into space, sucessfully dtach and come back safely to Earth. Created by the United States. -
President Kennedy's Moon Speech
Kennedy said that the Space Race was one that they were willing to win. -
Friendship 7
The first successful attempt by NASA to put man into out space. The flight was four hours and 56 minutes -
Letter From the Birmingham Jail
Defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, arguing that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and enjoyed widespread publication, becoming a key text for the American civil rights movement of the early 1960s. The letter was directed toward the clergy. -
I Have A Dream
Martin Luther King Jr opened with a reference -
George Wallace's Inagural Address
The governor of Alabama, he was an ardent segregationist and as governor he challenged the attempts of the federal government to enforce laws prohibiting segregation in Alabama's public schools and other institutions. Asa Carter, founder of a local Ku Klux Klan organization, was hired as a speechwriter for Wallace's campaign and the phrase "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" became a rallying cry for those opposed to integration. -
Assassination of President Kennedy
Dealey Plaza Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald kills him and is eventually killed by Jack Ruby. -
Lyndon B Johnson on Vietnam
Cared more about the "Great Society" than the Vietnam War -
Organization of Afro American Unity
A Pan-Africanist organization founded by Malcom X in 1964 to fight for the human rights of African Americans and promote cooperation among Africans and people of African descent in the Americas. -
Twenty Fourth Amendment
Prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. Poll taxes appeared in southern states after Reconstruction as a measure to prevent African Americans from voting, and had been held to be constitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in the 1937.The amendment made the poll tax unconstitutional in regards to federal elections. However, it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in Harp -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women and ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. -
Voting Rights of 1965
Federal legislation. The act is designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and establishes extensive federal oversight over elections, reinforcing the Fifteenth Amendment, Section 2 of the Act prohibits any state or local government from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... in a manner which... denies minorities the right to vote. -
Lester Maddox
Refused to serve African Americans in his restaurants on the basis that it is private property and he should be allowed to serve whomever he likes. It was not necessarily a racial issue but descrimination. -
Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolutuion
In the Tonkin, the U.S. is attacked twice in two seperate occasions. The outcome of these two incidents was the passage by Congress of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by "communist aggression." Basically, declaring war without congress. -
Head Start Education
PThe program's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships, enhance children's physical and emotional well-being, and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills. rovides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. -
FHA/HUD
HUD’s mission is to create strong, sustainable, inclusive communities and quality affordable homes for everyone. They build inclusive and sustainable communities free from discrimination; and transform the way HUD does business. -
United Farm Workers Association
The United Farm Workers Association is a labor union created from the merging of two groups, the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by Filipino organizer Larry Itliong, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez that was originally a workers' rights organization that helped workers get unemployment insurance but rapidly became a union of farmworkers. -
Black Panthers
Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale for the protection of black neighborhoods from police brutality. The leaders of the organization espoused socialist and Marxist doctrines, but eventually the group's early black nationalist reputation attracted a diverse membership. As the group's ideologies and objectives expanded, it became more and more difficult to achieve ultimate consensus. -
National Organization for Women
NOW is a feminist organization created " to confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings." One of the founding members, and soon to be President, was Betty Friedan the author of "The Feminine Mystique". -
Affirmative Action
Refers to policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in order to benefit an underrepresented group "in areas of employment, education, and business". -
25th Amendment
Deals with the succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President and any Presidential disabilities. -
United States V O.Brien
Ruled that a criminal prohibition against burning a draft card did not violate the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech. Though the Court recognized that O'Brien's conduct was expressive as a protest against the Vietnam War, it considered the law justified by a significant government interest that was unrelated to the suppression of speech and was tailored towards that end. -
Tet Offensive
A campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam. The operations are referred to as the Tet Offensive because there was a prior agreement to "cease fire" during the Tet Lunar New Year celebrations. Both North and South Vietnam announced on national radio broadcasts that there would be a two-day cease-fire during the holiday. -
Policy Of Vietnaminization
Nixon withdrew American army forces, while giving alot of supplies and encouraging Vietnam self sufficiency. -
Nixon on Vietnam
Believes in "Vietnaminization", so he starts to pull out troops and supply Vietnam with more things to help with the war. This would allow Vietnam to be more independent. -
Tinker Vs Des Moines
Decision by the United States Supreme Court that defined the constitutional rights of students in U.S. public schools. The Tinker test is still used by courts today to determine whether a school's disciplinary actions violate students' First Amendment rights.
The case started with students wearing a black armband in order to protest the Vietnam War and the principal making a policy opposing this. -
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Vietnam Era
the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950.The lottery numbers assigned in December 1969 were used during calendar year 1970 both to call for induction and to call for physical examination, a preliminary call covering more men. Alot of young men during this time went to college in order to avoid the drafts, which did not affect education. -
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Drama, Debt, and the Digital Age
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La Raza Unida
The United Race Party, founded by José Ángel Gutiérrez and Mario Compean, was an American political party centered on Chicano nationalism, campaigning for better housing, work, and educational opportunities for Mexican-Americans. -
Ending of the Gold Standard (Nixon shock)
The canceling of the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold. It helped end the existing Bretton Woods system of international financial exchange, ushering in the era of freely floating currencies that remains to the present day. Initially seen as a good idea, it caused stagflation. Now printed money can fall under inflation. -
26th Amendment
Prohibits the States from setting an age restriction to vote, higher than 18. During the Vietnam War, alot of 18 year olds were drafted but were not allowed to vote, which made no sense to them. -
President Nixon's diplomatic visit to China
It marked the first time a U.S. president had visited the People's Republic of China, which at that time considered the U.S. one of its foes, and the visit ended 25 years of separation between the two sides. With China being communist, Nixon went to China in order to get them on democracy's side in order to help with the war in Vietnam. -
Wisconsin vs Yodar
The United States Supreme Court found that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory (primary then secondary) education past 8th grade. Inside the Amish community, an education past 8th grade is not needed. They have no technology, farm, and enforce manual labor. -
Equal Rights Campaign
It would get rid of alimony, which was imperative to women who had no or lower level jobs. -
War Powers Resolution
A federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress. The War Powers Resolution requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30 day withdrawal period, without an authorization of the use of military force or a declaration of war. -
Endangered Species Act
Designed to protect endangered species. Signed by Nixon, if a landowner wanted to build on an endangered specie's home, they cannot. -
GPS
Based on ground technology kind of like this, cost billions of USdollars. Was originally was used to spy on Soviets. -
Gerald Ford
The only United States President to date to not be voted into office. -
Fall Of Saigon
The capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (also known as the Viet Cong) on April 30, 1975. The fall of the city was preceded by the evacuation of almost all the American civilian and military personnel in Saigon, along with tens of thousands of South Vietnamese civilians associated with the southern regime. -
Torrijos–Carter Treaties
Two treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977 that guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999 -
Camp David Accords
Signed by Israel and Egypt, they both pulled out forces from the opposing country. This caused Egypt to drop from the top Arab country as it was seen as a sign of weakness. -
iran hostage crisis
Fifty-two Americans were held hostage for 444 days after a group of Iranian students supporting the Iranian Revolution took over the US Embassy in Tehran. President Carter called the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy," adding that "the United States will not yield to blackmail. -
Moral Majority
Christians, working class citizens who banned together to elect conservitive christian leaders for America. -
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Conservative Resurgence
(1979-1980) Cared more about moral christian values than taxes and political issues. (1979) The Heritage Foundation focuses on political issues, taxes military etc...(conservative). -
BET
The most prominent television network targeting African American audiences, and currently reaches more than 90 million households. Became the first black millionare -
Just Say NoCampaign
Nancy Reagon; say no to drugs -
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Ronald Reagon
Reagonomics advocates tax reduction in order to spur economic growth, control the money supply in order to inflate, deregulation of the economy. Less government spending. Peace Through Strength; be prepared for war. -
AIDS
Started in Africa, with people eating AIDS carrying monkeys. It was spread around sexually and entered the U.S. through a singl infected immagrant. -
Marine Barracks in Beirut
US and France stationed in Lebonon. The barracks were bombed by the Jihad. Left 299 Frenchmen and Americans dead. Congress forced the US out. -
Patriot Act
Act of Congress signed by Bush, created to stop terrorism in America. Stronger security checks, wire tapping (which violates 4th ammendment). Now they need no warrant.