-
Period: to
American Civil War
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Homestead Act
-U.S federal laws gave applicants ownership of land.
-Provided settlers with 160 acres of land.
^^FREE LAND
-Homesteaders payed a small filing fee. DanielFreeman -
13th Amendment
-Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
-Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. -
Period: to
Reconstruction
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14th Amendment
-The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.
-to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments -
Transcontinental Railroad Completed
-Transcontinental railroad had long been a dream for engineers, entrepreneurs and politicians , so they could do free trade and free market.
,-More than 20,000 workers—including many Chinese men, who were left out of this picture, Irish, and others—had laid down some 1,700 miles of track.
-The largest American civil-works project to this time. -
15th Amendment
-To the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
- To the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". -
Industrialization Begins to Boom
-Technological innovation caused economic growth.
-This growth and development were an never done surge in immigration and urbanization after the Civil War.
- Immigrants arriving from southern and eastern Europe, were creating a new American mosaic. -
Boss Tweed rise at Tammany Hall
-New York City political organization that helped city's poor , and immigrant POPULATIONS.
-Tammany Hall became known for charges of corrupution .Also enabled ward leaders to act as advocates for individuals when they had difficulties with the law. -
Telephone Invented
-The apotheosis of work done by many individuals.
-Older phones had strings attached to them , you had to stay in one place.
-Alexander Graham Bell made the first telephone. -
Jim Crow Laws Start in South
- Any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s. -They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1896 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans in railroad cars
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Reconstruction Ends
CORRUPTBARGAIN #GREATBETRAYAL -The process of Reconstruction was falling apart in the South towards the end of Grant's presidency.
-The political situation in Louisiana and Arkansas had led to two sets of governors and legislatures , which caused a small civil war.
- Marked the end of Reconstruction in the South and a return to "Home Rule". -
Period: to
Gilded Age
The Gilded Age was a rapid economic growth. #Mark Twain
The fabrication of iron and steel rose,and lumber , gold and silver increased the ultimatum of transportation. #Goldontheoutside #Rottenontheinside #RobberBarons -
Light Bulb Invented
-Thomas Edison created the first light bulb on December 31.
-Back people lived in tenement homes with about 16 poeople in one room , with NO ELECTRICITY.
-Electricity was expensive so only the wealthy could afford it. -
Third Wave of Immigration
QUOTA #DEMOCRACY #FREEDOM OF RELIGION -An experimental social movement created by Ron Jones on how the German population could accept the actions of the Nazi regime during World War 2.
-Jones started a movement called "The Third Wave" , because he was unable to explain to his students how the German population could have claimed ignorance of The Holocaust. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
-A law resisting immigration. #Nativist
-This law made it illegal for Chinese laborers to come to America , to re-enter the country once they left , and for Chinese nationals to become citizens of the U.S . -
Pendleton Act
(The Spoil System)
- A federal law that decided that the government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation.
- The act provided a selection of employees , by competitive exams. -
Interstate Commerce Act
-An federal law that required railroad rates , but was not empowered by the government.
- This act is kind of like the Laissez Faire , which means the government does not interfere with the free-market. -
Dawes Act
- Passed by President Grover Cleveland , DAWES ACT , which allowed the acception of Native Americans into the United States.
- U.S took their food , so they decided to let them stay on their land for FREE.
- Men with families were given 160 acres.
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Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth
- An article written by Andrew Carnegie , that describes the responsibility of humanity , by the newly rich. -Carnegie wrote this , because he believed that very wealthy men like himself ha the responsibility to use their wealth for the greater good of society. #ROBBER BARON
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
"Competition Law" ,- Landmark federal statue in the history of U.S antitrust.
-Passed by congress under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. -
Klondike Goldrush
-The Klondike Gold Rush was an event of migration by an estimated 100,000 people.
-People went to the Klondike region of north-western Canada in the Yukon region.
-Gold was discovered along the Klondike River. -
How The Other Half Lives
An early publish of photojournalism by Jacob Riis.
Gave info about squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s.
Served as a future for "muckraking" journalism by exposing the slums to New York City’s upper and middle classes. -
Period: to
Progressive Era
was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to the 1920s -
Homestead Steel Labor Strike
-A denial of employment , and obstruction caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. Causing a battle between strikers and private security agents
-Workers had a protest to propose wage cut. That earned the a three-year contract to break the union. -
Pullman Labor Strike
THE LABOR PROBLEM!! , BOYCOTT!!
-This was an event in Illinoise , because of the way George Pullman treated his workers.
-Workers were required to live in Pullman City , there were cuts in pay , and had to pay rent to use the church. George was giving money that he was taking back. -
Du Bois Graduates with Phd from Harvard 1895
He received a BA cum laude, in 1890, an MA in 1891, and a PhD The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870,” which was published in 1896 as the inaugural volume of the Harvard Historical Studies series. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
-Was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities.
-This legitimized the state laws re-establishing racial segregation that were passed in the American South in the late 19th century after the end of the Reconstruction Era.
-The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1, with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the lone dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. -
Assassination of President Mckinley
Was shot on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York.
He was shaking hands with the public when Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, shot him twice in the abdomen. -
Period: to
Theodore Roosevelt
Political Party:Republican +Progressive "Bull Moose" Party
Domestic Policy : Trust Buster , Nature (Conservation) Protect Consumer -
Wright Brother’s Airplane
-The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur , were two American aviators, engineers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane.
- They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. -
Du Bois NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was one of the earliest and most influential civil rights organization in the United States.
Sometimes led to violent confrontations between blacks and whites. -
The Jungle
A novel written by American journalist & novelist Upton Sinclair.
The book represents working class poverty , harsh working and living conditions. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
The purpose was to protect the public against adulteration of food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support.
It was to be applied to goods shipped in foreign or interstate commerce -
Model-T
-The fan automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927.
-First production Model T Ford is completed at the company’s Piquette Avenue plant in Detroit.
-The car that everyone can afford.
-Assembly lines were formed to build Model-T
- Some were only prototypes. -
Period: to
William Howard Taft
Political Party: Republican
Domestic Policy: 3 C's but weak
16th/17th Amendments -
16th Amendment
The congress shall have power to lay, and collect taxes on incomes.
This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895) -
Federal Reserve Act
-Great depression
-An Act of Congress that created and established the Federal Reserve System.
-Intended to establish a form of economic stability in the United States through the introduction of the Central Bank.
-The Federal Reserve Act, signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.
-The 12 Federal Reserve banks, each in charge of a regional district, are in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, St. Louis, Atlanta, Chicago, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas and San Francisco. -
Period: to
Woodrow Wilson
Political: Democrat
Domestic Party: Federal Reserve Act
18th/19th amendment
National Parks Service , Clayton Anti-Tust Act -
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
-Heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo when they were mortally wounded by Gavrilo Princip.
-The great Prussian statesman Otto von Bismarck, the man most responsible for the unification of Germany in 1871.
-The archduke traveled to Sarajevo in June 1914 to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina. -
Trench Warfare, Poison Gas and Machine Guns
-Chemical warfare first appeared when the Germans used poison gas during a surprise attack in Flanders, Belgium, in 1915. -
Trench Warfare, Poison Gas, and Machine Guns
-First appeared when the Germans used poison gas during a surprise attack in Flanders, Belgium, in 1915.
- At first, gas was just released from large cylinders and carried by the wind into nearby enemy lines. Later, phosgene and other gases were loaded into artillery shells and shot into enemy trenches.
-Although it is popularly believed that the German army was the first to use gas it was in fact initially deployed by the French. -
17th Amendment
-Senators
-The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State.
-This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
- The executive authority of each State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
-The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. -
Period: to
World War 1
Was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 -
Sinking of the Lusitania
-The sinking of the Cunard ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred on Friday, 7 May 1915 during the First World War.
- Sank into the Celtic Sea.
-Of 1,959 passengers and crew, 1,198 people were drowned, including 128 Americans. -
National Parks System
-Is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national
-This includes all National Historical Parks and Historic Sites, National Battlefields and Military Parks, National Memorials, and some National Monuments parks.
-President Woodrow Wilson signed the act creating the National Park Service, On August 25, 1916 -
Zimmerman Telegram
- Was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917. -Proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the prior event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. -Written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann.
- Prior event of the United States entering World War I against Germany.
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U.S. entry into WWI
(SINKING OF LUSITANA)
-March 1917, 35 Americans killed in 3 ship sinking accidents caused by the GERMANS.
-The Germans' decision to resume the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, and the so-called "Zimmerman telegram.
On April 6, 1917, the U.S. joined its allies--Britain, France, and Russia--to fight in World War. -
Russian Revolution
-Was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.
-Riots over the scarcity of food broke out in the capital, Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg), on February 24 (March 8)
-The Soviet soon proved that it had greater authority than the Provisional Government, which sought to continue Russia’s participation in the European war -
Armistice
- A formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting.
- Armistices are always negotiated between the parties themselves and seen as more binding than non-mandatory.
- Was signed and the agreement that ended the fighting on the Western Front.
- The armistice ended fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty, the Treaty of Versailles.
- Marked a victory for the Allies and a complete defeat for Germany.
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Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
-A statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I.
-The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.
-The Fourteen Points speech was the only explicit statement of war aims by any of the nations fighting in World War I. Some belligerents gave general indications of their aims, but most kept their post-war goals private. -
Battle of Argonne Forest
- Was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front. -It was fought from 26 September 1918 until the Armistice of 11 November 1918, a total of 47 days. -Was the largest in United States military history, involving 1.2 million American soldiers. -It was one of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which brought the war to an end. The battle cost 28,000 German lives and 26,277 American lives.
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Treaty of Versailles
-The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end.
-Dominated by the national leaders known as the “Big Four” -David L George,Georges Clemenceau ,Woodrow Wilson, Vittorio Orlando. -
18th Amendment
-The United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol illegal.
-Congress proposed the Amendment on December 18, 1917.
-States had already banned alcohol before the 18th amendment. -
19th Amendment
-The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex.
- Was not until 1848 that the movement for women’s rights began to organize at the national level.
-In July of that year, reformers Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York (where Stanton lived). -
President Harding’s Return to Normalcy
- A return to the way of life before World War I, was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding's campaign slogan for the election of 1920.
- Harding's promise was to return the United States prewar mentality, without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people. To sum up his points, he stated: -Harding's position attracted support and was important during the United States presidential election, 1920.
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Harlem Renaissance
- Was a movement in African American history that involved art, literature, and culture. It took place in the 1920s and 1930s in Harlem, New York. -Harlem Renaissance laid the groundwork for all later African American literature and had an enormous impact on subsequent black consciousness worldwide. -Harlem Renaissance declined after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and faded due to the Great Depression that followed.
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Red Scare
-Is promotion of widespread fear by a society or state about a potential rise of communism, anarchism, or radical leftism.
- the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s, hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. became known as the Red Scare. -
Period: to 1929 BCE
Roaring Twenties
The Roaring Twenties was the period of Western society and Western culture that occurred during and around the 1920s. -
Teapot Dome Scandal
-Was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding.
-Teapot Dome was regarded as the "greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics".
-The scandal damaged the public reputation of the Harding administration.
-The oil reserves at Teapot Dome and in California had been set aside at the request of the U.S. Navy -
Joseph Stalin Leads USSR
-Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower.
-He ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign.
-Stalin aligned with the United States and Britain in World War II (1939-1945) but afterward engaged in an increasingly tense relationship with the West known as the Cold War -
Scopes “Monkey” Trial
-Was an American legal case in July 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act.
- Had been passed in March, made it a misdemeanor punishable by fine to “teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.
-. Broadly, the case reflected a collision of traditional views and values with more modern ones: -
Mein Kampf Published
-A 1925 autobiographical book by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler.
-The ranks of Hitler’s Nazi Party swelled with resentful Germans who sympathized with the party’s bitter hatred of Germany’s democratic government, leftist politics, and Jews.
- After the German government resumed the payment of war reparations to Britain and France, the Nazis launched the “Beer Hall Putsch”–their first attempt at seizing the German government by force. -
Charles Lindbergh’s Trans-Atlantic Flight
-The Spirit of St. Louis touches down at the Le Bourget Aerodrome, Paris, France.
- Is the custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane that was flown solo by Charles Lindbergh on May 20–21, 1927.
-British aviators John Alcock and Arthur Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight in June 1919.
-They flew a modified First World War Vickers Vimy bomber from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. -
St. Valentine’s Day Massacre
-The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre is the name given to the 1929 murder in Chicago of seven men of the North Side gang during the Prohibition Era.
-Gang warfare ruled the streets of Chicago during the late 1920s, as chief gangster Al Capone sought to consolidate control by eliminating his rivals in the illegal trades of bootlegging.
-Though the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre marked the end of any significant gang opposition to Capone’s rule in Chicago. -
Stock Market Crashes “Black Tuesday”
- Began on October 24, 1929 ("Black Thursday"), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States. -During the 1920s, the U.S. stock market underwent rapid expansion, reaching its peak in August 1929, after a period of wild speculation.
- Among the other causes of the eventual market collapse were low wages, the proliferation of debt,.
-
Period: to
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, originating in the United States. -
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
-Was an act implementing protectionist trade policies sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and signed into law on June 17, 1930.
-The act raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods.
-Raised import duties to protect American businesses and farmers, adding considerable strain to the international economic climate of the Great Depression. -
Hoovervilles
-Was a shanty town built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States of America.
-They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States of America during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it.
-Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and was a common sight before 1929.
-There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s and hundreds of thousands of people lived in these slums. -
100, 000 Banks Have Failed
-In the 1920s, Nebraska and the nation as a whole had a lot of banks. At the beginning of the 20s, Nebraska had 1.3 million people and there was one bank for every 1,000 people.
-As the economic depression deepened in the early 30s, and as farmers had less and less money to spend in town, banks began to fail at alarming rates.
-During the 20s, there was an average of 70 banks failing each year nationally. After the crash during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 banks failed – 10 times as many. -
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
-A United States government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in US banks.
-An independent agency of the federal government, the FDIC was created in 1933 in response to the thousands of bank failures that occurred in the 1920s and early 1930s. Since the start of FDIC insurance on January 1, 1934.
- It does not insure securities, mutual funds or similar types of investments that banks and thrift institutions may offer. -
Agriculture Adjustment Administration
-Was a United States federal law of the New Deal era designed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses.
-The Government bought livestock for slaughter and paid farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land.
-The Agriculture Marketing Act, which established the Federal Farm Board in 1929, was seen as a strong precursor to this act.
-The AAA, along with other New Deal programs, represented the federal government's first substantial effort to address economic welfare. -
Public Works Administration
-Was a part of the New Deal of 1933 was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes.
-The PWA spent over $6 billion in contracts to private construction firms that did the actual work.
-Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1935 and shut down in 1944. -
Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany
-On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany.
-The Weimar government had failed its people and, following the worldwide depression, Germany was in economic ruin, people’s livelihoods shattered and the nation still burdened with the humiliation of the post-First World War Treaty of Versailles.
-In the July 1932 Reichstag elections, the Nazi party gained almost 40% of the vote making it the most powerful party in Germany -
Period: to
New Deal Programs (1933-1938)
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Period: to
The Holocaust
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Period: to
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States -
Dust Bowl
-Also known as the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s.
- The drought came in three waves, 1934, 1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years.
-With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains, farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains. -
Social Security Administration
- Is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government that administers Social Security.
- A social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits. -The Social Security Administration was established by a law codified at 42 U.S.C. -Its current commissioner, Nancy Berryhill (Acting), was appointed January 19, 2017, and will serve until the true Presidential appointment takes office.
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Rape of Nanjing
-Was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing.
-The massacre occurred over a period of six weeks starting on December 13, 1937, the day that the Japanese captured Nanjing. During this period.
-Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants who numbered an estimated 40,000 to over 300,000, and perpetrated widespread rape and looting. -
Kristaallnacht
-Was a pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians.
-The German authorities looked on without intervening.[
-The name Kristallnacht comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues were smashed. -
Hitler Invades Poland
-One of Adolf Hitler's first major foreign policy initiatives after coming to power was to sign a nonaggression pact with Poland in January 1934.
-In the mid and late 1930s, France and especially Britain followed a foreign policy of appeasement.
-The objective of this policy was to maintain peace in Europe by making limited concessions to German demands. In Britain, public opinion tended to favor some revision of the territorial and military provision of the Versailles treaty. -
Period: to
World War II
-
Germany Blitzkrieg attacks
-Successfully used the Blitzkrieg tactic against Poland.
- A method of warfare whereby an attacking force, spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorised or mechanised infantry formations with close air support.
-Breaks through the opponent's line of defence by short, fast, powerful attacks and then dislocates the defenders, using speed and surprise to encircle them. -
Pearl Harbor
-The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor.
-Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, and was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941.
-They managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight enormous battleships, and over 300 airplanes. -
Tuskegee Airman
-The very first African-American United States Army Air Force aviators.
-They fought for the first time in World War II, at a time when racial segregation was still in place in the United States.
-African-Americans had to fight for their right to serve as pilots in the U.S. military. -
Navajo Code Talkers
-Is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater.
-Code talking, however, was pioneered by the Cherokee and Choctaw peoples during World War I.
-The term is now usually associated with the United States service members during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American -
Executive Order 9066
- A United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942. -The President Authorizes Japanese Relocation. -110,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were removed from the West Coast, most to inland concentration camps.
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Bataan Death March
-Was the forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of 60,000–80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war from Saysain Point, Bagac, Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O'Donnell.
- American troops on Bataan were forced to make an arduous 65-mile march to prison camps.
- The marchers made the trek in intense heat and were subjected to harsh treatment by Japanese guards. -
GI Bill
-Was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s).
- It was designed by the American Legion, who helped push it through Congress by mobilizing its chapters.
-The act avoided the highly disputed postponed life insurance policy payout for World War I veterans that caused political turmoil for a decade and a half after that war. -
Invasion of Normandy (D-Day)
-Began with overnight parachute and glider landings, massive air attacks and naval bombardments.
-By the end of August 1944 all of northern France was liberated, and the invading forces reorganized for the drive into Germany.
- Adolf Hitler’s Wehrmacht (“Armed Forces”) still occupied all the territory it had gained in the blitzkrieg campaigns of 1939–41 and most of its Russian conquests of 1941–42 befroe invasion. -
Victory in Europe (VE) Day
-Was the public holiday celebrated on 8 May 1945 to mark the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces.
-The Russians took approximately 2 million prisoners in the period just before and after the German surrender.
-On May 9, the Soviets would lose 600 more soldiers in Silesia before the Germans finally surrendered. -
Atomic bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima
-On August 6, 1945 the US dropped an atomic bomb (Little Boy) on Hiroshima in Japan. Three days later a second atomic bomb (Fat Man) was dropped on the city of Nagasaki.
-The United States wanted to force Japan's surrender as quickly as possible to minimize American casualties.
-The United States needed to use the atomic bomb before the Soviet Union entered the war against Japan to establish US dominance afterwards. -
Victory over Japan/Pacific (VJ/VP) Day
-The day on which Imperial Japan surrendered in World War II, in effect ending the war.
-On September 2, 1945, a formal surrender ceremony was performed in Tokyo Bay, Japan, aboard the battleship USS Missouri.
- TWIN BOMBS -
Liberation of Concentration Camps
-The first Nazi camps were erected in Germany in March 1933 immediately after Hitler became Chancellor and his Nazi Party.
-Was a place to hold and torture political opponents and union organizers, the camps initially held around 45,000 prisoners.
-The concentration camps were administered since 1934 by the Concentration Camps Inspectorate -
United Nations (UN) Formed
-Is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order
-Organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict.
-Promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security."
-At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. -
Germany Divided
-As a consequence of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, Germany was cut between the two global blocs in the East and West, a period known as the division of Germany.
-Over 10 million German-speaking refugees arrived in Germany from other countries in Central and Eastern Europe.
-Germany was reunited in 1990.
-The secret police (Stasi) tightly controlled daily life, and the Berlin Wall (1961) ended the steady flow of refugees to the west. -
Period: to
Harry S Truman
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Nuremberg Trials
-A series of military tribunals held by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war after World War II.
-Twenty-four major political and military leaders of Nazi Germany were brought to trial before the International Military Tribuna.
-The Nuremberg Trial was conducted by a joint United States-British-French-Soviet military tribunal, with each nation supplying two judges.
-JUDGES FROM ALLIED POWERS -
Period: to
Baby Boom
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Mao Zedong Established Communist Rule in China
-Saw the communists take the initiative and the collapse of KMT rule in mainland China as a whole.
-Mao declared the establishment of the PRC, which signified the end of the Chinese Revolution (as it is officially described by the CPC). -
22nd Admendment
-The 22nd Admendment limits the number of times one can be elected to the office of President of the United States. -
Truman Doctrine
- Was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. -It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 and further developed on July 12, 1948.
- With the Truman Doctrine, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political.
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Period: to
The Cold War
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Berlin Airlift
-As one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany.
-The Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control.
-On 12 May 1949, the USSR lifted the blockade of West Berlin. The Berlin Blockade served to highlight the competing ideological and economic visions for postwar Europe. -
Marshall Plan
-American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13,000,000,000.
- In economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.
-The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states roughly on a per capital basis.
-A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. -
Arab-Israeli War Begins
-The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, or the First Arab–Israeli War, was fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states over the control of Palestine, forming the second stage of the 1948 Palestine war.
- In 1947 these ongoing tensions erupted into civil war, following the 29 November 1947 adoption of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which planned to divide Palestine into three areas. -
NATO Formed
-Also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European states based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.
-NATO's primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies' military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union. -
Kim Il-sung invades South Korea
-In December 1945, the Soviets installed Kim as chairman of the North Korean branch of the Korean Communist Party.
-Joseph Stalin equipped the KPA with modern, Soviet-built heavy tanks, trucks, artillery, and small arms.
-Korea had been divided along the 38th parallel, its industrial north being occupied by the Soviets and the agricultural south by the Americans. -
UN forces push North Korea to Yalu River- the border with China
-UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River—the border with China—but in October 1950, mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war.
-The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951.
-. In August 1945, one day after the bombing of Nagasaki, the Soviet Union declared war on Imperial Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, -
Chinese forces cross Yalu and enter Korean War
-On Nov. 25-26, 1950, the Chinese Army entered the Korean War in earnest with a violent attack against the American and United Nations forces in North Korea.
-Chinese offensive caught the U.N. forces off guard, largely because of U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur's belief that China would not openly enter the war.
-The unexpected surprise attack pushed the South Korean ROK forces and the small number of American troops in the country to SE of peninsula, holding a line around the city of Pusan -
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Korean War
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Period: to
1950s Prosperity
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Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Execution
-A married couple convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage in 1951, are put to death in the electric chair.
-Julius was arrested in July 1950, and Ethel in August of that same year, on the charge of conspiracy to commit espionage.
-Specifically, they were accused of heading a spy ring that passed top-secret information concerning the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. -
Armistice Signed
- November 1918 was the armistice that ended fighting on land, sea and air in World War I between the Allies and their last opponent, Germany. -The Allied statesmen were faced with a problem: so far they had considered the "fourteen commandments" as a piece of clever and effective American propaganda. -Although the armistice ended the fighting, it needed to be prolonged three times until the TOV took effect on 10 January 1920.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Warren Court (1953- 1969)
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Warren Court
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Ho Chi Minh Established Communist Rule in Vietnam
-He helped found the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930 and the League for the Independence of Vietnam, or Viet Minh, in 1941.
-At World War II's end, Viet Minh forces seized the northern Vietnamese city of Hanoi and declared a Democratic State of Vietnam (or North Vietnam) with Ho as president. -
Hernandez v. Texas
-Was a landmark case, "the first and only Mexican-American civil-rights case heard and decided by the United States Supreme Court during the post-World War II period.
- In a unanimous ruling, the court held that Mexican Americans and all other nationality groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. -
Brown v. Board of Education
-Was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
-The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896.
-.Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal -
Polio Vaccine
-The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955.
-The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961.
- There are two types: one that uses inactivated poliovirus and is given by injection, and one that uses weakened poliovirus and is given by mouth. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.
-It was a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement. The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955—the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person—to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, -
Warsaw Pact Formed
-Was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
-Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
-The signing of the pact became a symbol of Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe. -
Rosa Parks Arrested
-On 1 December 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama.
-His single act of nonviolent resistance sparked the Montgomery bus boycott, an eleven-month struggle to desegregate the city's buses. -
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Vietnam War
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Interstate Highway Act
- It took several years of wrangling, but a new Federal-Aid Highway Act passed in June 1956. -The law authorized the construction of a 41,000-mile network of interstate highways that would span the nation. -
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Elvis Presley First Hit Song
-On January 27, 1956, the first RCA single, "Heartbreak Hotel" b/w "I Was the One" was released, giving Elvis a nationwide breakthrough.
-His reputation as a performer on stage was already growing in the same dimensions.
-On March 23, 1956, the first album, Elvis Presley, was released (RCA 1254). -
Sputnik I
- Was the first artificial Earth satellite.
- The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. -t was a 58 cm diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses
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Leave it to Beaver First Airs on TV
-Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom about an inquisitive and often naïve boy, Theodore "The Beaver" Cleaver and his adventures at home, in school, and around his suburban neighborhood.
-Started 1957 ,The still-popular show ended its run in 1963 primarily because it had reached its natural conclusion: In the show, Wally was about to enter college and the brotherly dynamic at the heart of the show's premise would be broken with their separation. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
-The result was the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.
-The new act established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote. -
The Little Rock Nine
-The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.
Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas.
-They then attended after the intervention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. -
Kennedy versus Nixon TV Debate
-The United States presidential election of 1960 was the 44th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960. In a closely contested election.
-Democrat John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, the Republican Party nominee. -
Chicano Mural Movement Begins
-The Chicano Mural Movement began as an artistic renaissance in the U.S. Southwest during the 1960s.
- Unlike in Mexico, its first murals were not commissioned, promoted or sponsored by the government, companies or individuals; the Chicano artists instead painted on neighborhood buildings, schools, and churches. -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
-The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961.
- Fidel Castro came to power in an armed revolt that overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. -
Affirmative Action
-Affirmative action, also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity in Canada and South Africa.
- is the policy of protecting members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination. -
Peace Corps Formed
- A volunteer program run by the United States government. -The stated mission of the Peace Corps includes providing technical assistance, helping people outside the United States to understand American culture. -Each program participant, a Peace Corps Volunteer, is an American citizen, typically with a college degree, who works abroad for a period of two years after three months of training.
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Peace Corps Formed
-The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government. -The stated mission of the Peace Corps includes providing technical assistance, helping people outside the United States to understand American culture, and helping Americans to understand the cultures of other countries. -
Mapp v. Ohio
- was a landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. -which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts, as.
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Bay of Pigs Invasion
-On April 17, 1961, 1400 Cuban exiles launched what became a botched invasion at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of Cuba.
-In 1959, Fidel Castro came to power in an armed revolt that overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista.
- Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Castro. -
Period: to
John F. Kennedy (1961- 1963)
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Cuban Missile Crisis
-Also known as the October Crisis, the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union.
-American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion. -
Sam Walton Opens First Walmart
-On July 2, 1962, Sam Walton opens the first Walmart store in Rogers, Arkansas.
- The Walton family owns 24 stores, ringing up $12.7 million in sales. The company officially incorporates as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. -
Kennedy Assassinated in Dallas, Texas
-John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. in Dallas, Texas while riding in a presidential motorcade in Dealey Plaza. -
George Wallace Blocks University of Alabama Entrance
-When Wallace refused to budge, President John F. Kennedy called for 100 troops from the Alabama National Guard to assist federal officials. Wallace chose to step down rather than incite violence.
-The summer of 1963 was a tense time in this nation's history. The day after Wallace's standoff, civil rights leader Medgar Evers was assassinated in Jackson, Miss. Violence also struck in Cambridge, Md., and Danville, Va., that June. -
The Feminine Mystique
-The Feminine Mystique is a book written by Betty Friedan which is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States.
-In 1957, Friedan was asked to conduct a survey of her former Smith College classmates for their 15th anniversary reunion; the results, in which she found that many of them were unhappy with their lives as housewives. -
March on Washington
-The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the March on Washington, or The Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963.
- The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans.
-At the march, Martin Luther King Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech in which he called for an end to racism. -
Gideon v. Wainwright
-A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history.
-In it, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that states are required under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys.
-Clarence Earl Gideon was charged in Florida state court with a felony: having broken into and entered a poolroom with the intent to commit a misdemeanor offense. -
Period: to
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
-The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or the Southeast Asia Resolution, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
- The original American report blamed North Vietnam for both incidents, but eventually became very controversial with widespread claims that either one or both incidents were false, and possibly deliberately so. -
Israeli-Palestine Conflict Begins
-The history of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict began with the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.
-. This conflict came from the intercommunal violence in Mandatory Palestine between Israelis and Arabs from 1920 and erupted into full-scale hostilities in the 1947–48 civil war. -
The Great Society
-A set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964–65.
-The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.
-Some Great Society proposals were stalled initiatives from John F. Kennedy's New Frontier.
- Johnson's success depended on his skills of persuasion, coupled with the Democratic landslide in the 1964 election -
The Great Society
-The Great Society was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964–65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice -
Escobedo v. Illinois
Escobedo v. Illinois was a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment.
-The case was decided a year after the court held in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) that indigent criminal defendants had a right to be provided counsel at trial. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin.
-Powers given to enforce the act were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate interstate commerce. -
24th Amendment
-The Twenty-fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.
-The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. -
United Farm Worker’s California Delano Grape Strike
-he Delano grape strike was a labor strike by the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the United Farm Workers against grape growers in California. The strike began on September 8, 1965, and lasted more than five years. Due largely to a consumer boycott of non-union grapes.
-He strike began when the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, mostly Filipino farm workers in Delano, California, led by Philip Vera Cruz, Larry Itliong, Benjamin Gines and Pete Velasco, walked off the farms. -
Voting Rights Act of 196
-The Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
-Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act secured voting rights for racial minorities throughout the country -
Malcom X Assassinated
-Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist.
-To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans; detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African. -
Miranda v. Arizona
-Miranda v. Arizona, was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court. In a 5–4 majority, the Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial.
-This case has a significant impact on law enforcement in the United States, by making what became known as the Miranda rights part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects were informed of their rights. -
Six Day War
-The Six-Day War, Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim; Arabic, an-Naksah, "(The Setback" Ḥarb 1967, "War of 1967"), also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. -
Thurgood Marshall Appointed to Supreme Court
-Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall as the United States Solicitor General.
-In 1967, Johnson successfully nominated Marshall to succeed retiring Associate Justice Tom C. Clark. Marshall retired during the administration of President George H. W. -
Tet Offensive
-The Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam.
-The North Vietnamese launched a wave of attacks in the late night hours of 30 January in the I and II Corps Tactical Zones of South Vietnam -
My Lai Massacre
-The Mỹ Lai Massacre was the Vietnam War mass murder of unarmed Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops in South Vietnam on 16 March 1968.
-Between 347 and 504 unarmed people were massacred by the U.S. Army soldiers from Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, 23rd (Americal) Infantry Division. -
Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated
-Martin Luther King Jr., American clergyman and civil rights leader, was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968. He was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m. CST.
- He was a prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who was known for his use of nonviolence and civil disobedience. -
Vietnamization
-Vetnamization of the war was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troop,
- Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role -
Woodstock Music Festival
-The Woodstock Music & Art Fair as a music festival in the United States in 1969 which attracted an audience of more than 400,000. -Scheduled for August 15–17 on a dairy farm in the Catskill Mountains of southern New York State, northwest of New York City, it ran over to Monday, August 18. -
Manson Family Murders (1969)
-The Manson Family was a commune established in California in the late 1960s, led by Charles Manson.
-They gained national notoriety after the murder of actress Sharon Tate and four others on August 9, 1969 by Tex Watson and three other members of the Family, acting under the instructions of Charles Manson. -
Manson Family Murders
-The Manson Family was a commune established in California in the late 1960s, led by Charles Manson. They gained national notoriety after the murder of actress Sharon Tate and four others on August 9, 1969 by Tex Watson and three other members of the Family, acting under the instructions of Charles Manson. -
Tinker v. Des Moines
-Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503, was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court that defined the constitutional rights of students in U.S. public schools.
-The Tinker test is still used by courts today to determine whether a school's disciplinary actions violate students' First Amendment rights. -
Draft Lottery
-On December 1, 1969, the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950.
-These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription from just before World War II to 1973. It was the first time a lottery system had been used to select men for military service since 1942. -
Apollo 11
-Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969.
-Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later.
-They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds of lunar material to bring back to Earth. -
Period: to
Richard Nixon
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Invasion of Cambodia
-The Cambodian Campaign was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during 1970 by the United States and the Republic of Vietnam as an extension of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War.
-The invasions were a policy of President Richard Nixon; 13 major operations were conducted by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam between 29 April and 22 July and by US forces between 1 May and 30 June. -
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
-The United States Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.
-President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA and it began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order.
-The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate. -
Kent State Shootings
-The Kent State shootings were the shootings on May 4, 1970 of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio during a mass protest against the bombing of Cambodia by United States military forces.
-Twenty-eight guardsmen fired approximately 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis. -
Pentagon Papers
-The Pentagon Papers, officially titled United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense, is a United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in Vietnam from.
-The papers were released by Daniel Ellsberg, who had worked on the study; they were first brought to the attention of the public on the front page of The New York Times in 1971. -
26th Amendment
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Policy of Détente Begins
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Jimmy Carter
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Watergate Scandal
-The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States during the early 1970s, following a break-in by five men at the Democratic National Committee.
-After the five burglars were caught and the conspiracy was discovered, Watergate was investigated by the United States Congress. Meanwhile, Nixon's administration resisted its probes, which led to a constitutional crisis.[1] -
Title IX
-Title IX, as a federal civil rights law in the United States of America, was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972.
-This is Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235, codified at 20 U.S.C. 1681–1688.
-The main purpose of Title IX is to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity that is federally funded. -
Nixon Visits China
-U.S. President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's rapprochement between the United States and China.
-Nixon in China" is a historical reference to United States President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to the People's Republic of China, where he met with Chairman Mao Zedong. -
OPEC Oil Embargo
-During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposed an embargo against the United States.
-In retaliation for the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military and to gain leverage in the post-war peace negotiations. -
First Cell-Phones
-Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone.
-On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival. -
War Powers Resolution
-The War Powers Resolution is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress.
-Requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30-day withdrawal period. -
Roe v. Wade
- A landmark decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions. -The Court ruled 7–2 that a right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that this right must be balanced against the state's interests in regulating abortions
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Engaged Species Act
-Was signed on December 28, 1973, and provides for the conservation of species that are endangered or threatened throughout all or a significant portion of their range, and the conservation of the ecosystems on which they depend.
-Designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation. -
United States v. Nixon
-Was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which resulted in a unanimous decision against President Richard Nixon, ordering him to deliver tape recordings and other subpoenaed materials to a federal district court.
-Issued on July 24, 1974, the decision was important to the late stages of the Watergate scandal, when there was an ongoing impeachment process against Richard Nixon. -
Ford Pardons Nixon
-A presidential pardon of Richard Nixon (Proclamation 4311) was issued on September 8, 1974, by President Gerald Ford, which granted his predecessor Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.
-In particular, this covered the time of the Watergate scandal. In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford, who succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation explained. -
Period: to
Gerald Ford
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Bill Gates Starts Microsoft
-Microsoft was founded on April 4, 1975, by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
-Henry Edward Roberts, the developer of an early personal computer that inspired Bill Gates to found Microsoft, has died aged 68.
- He had been battling pneumonia for several months. The man better known as Ed Roberts developed and marketed the MITS Altair 8800 in the 1970s. -
National Rifle Associate (NRA) Lobbying Begins
-The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is an American nonprofit organization that advocates for gun rights.
-Founded in 1871, the group has informed its members about firearm-related bills since 1934, and it has directly lobbied for and against legislation since 1975.
-Founded to advance rifle marksmanship, the modern NRA continues to teach firearm competency and safety. -
Fall of Saigon
-The Fall of Saigon was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam on 30 April 1975.
-The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of Vietnam under the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. -
Steve Jobs Starts Apple
-In 1975, the 20-year-old Jobs and Wozniak set up shop in Jobs' parents' garage, dubbed the venture Apple, and began working on the prototype of the Apple I.
-To generate the $1,350 in capital they used to start Apple, Steve Jobs sold his Volkswagen microbus, and Steve Wozniak sold his Hewlett-Packard calculator. -
Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
-The Community Reinvestment Act is intended to encourage depository institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they operate, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods.
-Consistent with safe and sound operations. ... Comments will be taken into consideration during the next CRA examination. -
Camp David Accords
-The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978.
-The two framework agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks. -
Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty
-Was signed in Washington, D.C., United States on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords.
-The Egypt–Israel treaty was signed by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, and witnessed by United States president Jimmy Carter. -
Period: to
Iran Hostage Crisis
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“Trickle Down Economics”
-Trickle-down economics, also referred to as trickle-down theory, is an economic theory that advocates reducing taxes on businesses and the wealthy.
-In society as a means to stimulate business investment in the short term and benefit society at large in the long term. -
War on Drugs
-War on Drugs is an American term usually applied to the U.S. federal government's campaign of prohibition of drugs, military aid, and military intervention, with the stated aim being to reduce the illegal drug trade.
-The initiative includes a set of drug policies that are intended to discourage the production, distribution, and consumption of psychoactive drugs that the participating governments and the UN have made illegal. -
AIDS Epidemic
-HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic. As of 2016, approximately 36.7 million people are living with HIV globally.
- In 2016, approximately half are men and half are women.
-There were about 1.0 million deaths from AIDS in 2016, down from 1.9 million in 2005. -
\Sandra Day O’Connor Appointed to U.S. Supreme Court
-Is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan to 2006
-She was the first woman to serve on the Court. -
Period: to
Ronald Reagan
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Marines in Lebanon
-October 23, 1983 - 241 US service personnel -- including 220 Marines and 21 other service personnel -- are killed by a truck bomb at a Marine compound in Beirut, Lebanon.
-Three hundred service members had been living at the four-story building at the airport in Beirut. -
Iran-Contra Affair
-he Iran–Contra affair, also referred to as Irangate, Contragate or the Iran–Contra scandal, was a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan Administration.
-They hoped, thereby, to fund the Contras in Nicaragua while at the same time negotiating the release of several U.S. hostages. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress. -
The Oprah Winfrey Show First Airs
-Oprah Winfrey is one to speak her mind. And starting this week viewers in the greater L.A. area get to see and hear Winfrey voicing her forthright comments.
-Monday marked the launch of The Oprah Winfrey show in Los Angeles on KABC, Winfrey replacing Tom Snyder and going up against the current daytime talk show darling, NBC's Phil -
“Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall!”
-Tear down this wall!" is a line from a speech made by US President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union.
- He'd stated "I'd like to ask the Soviet leaders one question. Why is the wall there?", and in 1986, 25 years after the construction of the wall.
-In response to West German newspaper Bild-Zeitung asking when he thought the wall could be "torn down", Reagan said, "I call upon those responsible to dismantle it -
End of Cold War
-During 1989 and 1990, the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe.
- In late 1991 the Soviet Union itself dissolved into its component republics. With stunning speed, the Iron Curtain was lifted and the Cold War came to an end. -
Berlin Wall Falls
- The Fall of the Wall. On November 9, 1989, as the Cold War began to thaw across Eastern Europe. -The spokesman for East Berlin's Communist Party announced a change in his city's relations with the West.
- Starting at midnight that day, he said, citizens of the GDR were free to cross the country's borders.
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Period: to
George H. W. Bush
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Germany Reunification
-The German reunification was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz constitution Article 23.
-The East German government started to falter in May 1989, when the removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria opened a hole in the Iron Curtain. -
Iraq Invades Kuwait
-The Invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 was a 2-day operation conducted by Iraq against the neighboring state of Kuwait, which resulted in the seven-month-long Iraqi occupation of the country.
-This invasion and Iraq's subsequent refusal to withdraw from Kuwait by a deadline mandated by the United Nations.
-These events came to be known as the first Gulf War and resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait and the Iraqis setting 600 Kuwaiti oil wells on fire during their retreat. -
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Persian Gulf War
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Operation Desert Storm
- In its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. -The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War or Iraq War, before the term "Iraq War" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the US as "Operation Iraqi Freedom")
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Ms.adcox
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Soviet Union Collapses
-On December 25, 1991, the Soviet hammer and sickle flag lowered for the last time over the Kremlin, thereafter replaced by the Russian tricolor.
-It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
-Earlier in the day, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned his post as president of the Soviet Union, leaving Boris Yeltsin as president of the newly independent Russian state. -
Rodney King
-Rodney Glen King was an African-American taxi driver who became known internationally as the victim of Los Angeles Police Department brutality, after a videotape was released of several police officers beating him during his arrest on March 3, 1991.
- George Holliday, a witness, filmed the incident from his nearby balcony and sent the footage to local news station KTLA. The footage clearly showed King being beaten repeatedly, and the incident was covered by news media around the world. -
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Bill Clinton
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NAFTA Founded
-The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States and entered into force on 1 January 1994 in order to establish a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
-The bill passed the Senate on November 20, 1993, 61–38. Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats -
Contract with America
-The 1994 elections resulted in Republicans gaining 54 House and 9 U.S. Senate seats.
- When the Republicans gained this majority of seats in the 104th Congress, the Contract was seen as a triumph by party leaders such as Minority Whip Newt Gingrich, Dick Armey, and the American conservative movement in general. -
O.J Simpson "Trial of the Century"
-The O. J. Simpson murder case was a criminal trial held at the Los Angeles County Superior Court in which former National Football League player, broadcaster, and actor Orenthal James.
"-O. J." Simpson was tried on two counts of murder for the June 12, 1994, deaths of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and Mezzaluna restaurant waiter Ronald Goldman. -
Bill Clintons Impeachment
-The impeachment process of Bill Clinton was initiated by the House of Representatives on December 19, 1998, against Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, on two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice.
-These charges stemmed from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones. Clinton was subsequently acquitted of these charges by the Senate on February 12, 1999. -
War on Terror
-The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is an international military campaign that was launched by the U.S. government after the September 11 attacks in the U.S. in 2001.
-The naming of the campaign uses a metaphor of war to refer to a variety of actions that do not constitute a specific war as traditionally defined.
- U.S. president George W. Bush first used the term "war on terrorism" on and then "war on terror" a few days later in a formal speech to Congress. -
AVYONS BIRTHDAY
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USA Patriot
-The USA PATRIOT Act is an Act of Congress that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001.
-With its ten-letter abbreviation (USA PATRIOT) expanded, the full title is “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001”.
-The abbreviation, as well as the full title, have been attributed to Chris Cylke, a former staffer on the House Judiciary Committee. -
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George W. Bush
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War of Afganistan
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NASA Mar Rover Misson begins
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Iraq War
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Facebook Launched
-Facebook is an American online social media and social networking service company based in Menlo Park, California. The Facebook website was launched on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg.
-The founders had initially limited the website's membership to Harvard students; however, later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area, the Ivy League schools, and Stanford University. -
Hurricane Katrina
-Hurricane Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly tropical cyclone that is tied with Hurricane Harvey of 2017 as the costliest tropical cyclone on record.
-As Katrina made landfall, its front right quadrant, which held the strongest winds, slammed into Gulfport, Mississippi, devastating it. -
Saddam Hussein Executed
-The execution of Saddam Hussein took place on Saturday, 30 December 2006.
-Saddam was sentenced to death by hanging, after being convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for the murder of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites in the town of Dujail in 1982, in retaliation for an assassination attempt against him. -
Iphone Released
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9/11 September 11,2009
-The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
-The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, and caused at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. -
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
-Was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009.
-Developed in response to the Great Recession, the ARRA's primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. -
Hillary Clintons Appointed U.S secretary of state
-Within a week after the November 4, 2008, presidential election, President-elect Obama and Clinton discussed over telephone the possibility of her serving as U.S. Secretary of State in his administration.
-Clinton later related, "He said I want you to be my secretary of state. And I said, 'Oh, no, you don't.' I said, 'Oh, please, there's so many other people who could do this. -
Sonia Sotomayor Appointed to U.S Supreme Court
-On May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sotomayor to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice David Souter. Her nomination was confirmed by the Senate in August 2009 by a vote of 68–31.
-Sotomayor was nominated to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York by President George H. W. Bush in 1991; confirmation followed in 1992. -
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Barack Obama
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Arab Spring
-The Arab Spring was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups, foreign interventions, and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on 18 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution.
-The Tunisian Revolution effect spread strongly to five other countries: Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain, where either the regime was toppled or major uprisings and social violence occurred. -
Osama Bin Laden Killed
-Osama bin Laden, the founder and first leader of the Islamist group Al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011 shortly after 1:00 am PKT by United States Navy SEALs of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group.
-The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was carried out in a CIA-led operation with Joint Special Operations Command, coordinating the Special Mission Units involved in the raid -
Space X Falcon 9
-Falcon 9 is a family of two-stage-to-orbit medium lift launch vehicles, named for its use of nine Merlin first-stage engines, designed and manufactured by SpaceX.
-Variants include the initial partially-reusable , and current "Full Thrust" (partially-reusable). Falcon 9 is powered by rocket engines utilizing liquid oxygen (LOX) and rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) propellants. -
Donald Trump Elected President
-Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality.
-Trump was born and raised in the New York City borough of Queens, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
