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THE GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHOD
It is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical method of teaching Greek and Latin. In grammar-translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language. -
THE DIRECT METHOD
It is based on the direct involvement of the student when speaking, and listening to, the foreign language in common everyday situations. -
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THE AUDIOLINGUAL METHOD
New material is presented in dialogue form. There is dependence on mimicry, memorization of set phrases, and overlearning. Structures are sequenced by means of contrastive analysis and taught one at a time. Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills. -
COGNITIVE CODE LEARNING
refers to a theory of second language teaching and learning rooted in cognitivist psychology. The theory emphasizes the central role of cognition in the conscious and explicit learning of the rules of a language as a code. -
The Silent Way
Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or creates rather than remembers and repeats what is to be learned. Learning is facilitated by accompanying (mediating) physical objects.
Learning is facilitated by problem-solving involving the material to be learned. -
Community Language Learning
It's a method that is based on English for communication and is extremely learner-focused. There are certain criteria that should be applied to all CLL classrooms, namely a focus on fluency in the early stages, an undercurrent of accuracy throughout the course and learner empowerment as the main focus. -
Total Physical Response
James Asher (1977), the developer of Total Physical Response (TPR) , actually began experimenting with TPR in the 1960s. It is a method of teaching language or vocabulary concepts by using physical movement to react to verbal input. The process mimics the way that infants learn their first language, and it reduces student inhibitions and lowers stress. -
Competency - based Language teaching
It is emphasized the use of standards and ongoing assessment until mastery of the language based on measurable outcomes. -
Notional-Functional Syllabus
As the innovative methods of the 1970s were being touted by some and criticized by many.
Beginning with the work of the Council of Europe (Van Ek &Alexander 1975) and later followed by numerous interpretations of "notional" syllabuses (Wilkins 1976),
Notional-Functional Syllabuses (hereafter referred to as NFS) began to be used in the United Kingdom in the 1970s. -
The Natural Approach
It is a method of language teaching developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It aims to foster naturalistic language acquisition in a classroom setting, and to this end it emphasises communication, and places decreased importance on conscious grammar study and explicit correction of student errors. Efforts are also made to make the learning environment as stress-free as possible. -
Suggestopedia
It is a teaching method, which makes it possible for people to learn three times as fast as they can under normal circumstances. It involves the creation of a very safe environment in which students are allowed to explore, but they have to feel safe. People can learn fast when they allow themselves to be a little out of their comfort zone. -
Task-Based Learning
It was developed by Prabhu and focuses on authentic tasks and on process rather than product completion of pedagogic tasks. -
Communicative Approach
Its main focus is on communicative competence since it is error tolerant. -
Content - based Instruction Learning
It was developed by Brinton, Snow and Wesche, teaching
organized around meaningful content subject material in English. -
Principled Eclecticism Method
Eclectic method is a language teaching method that combines various approaches and methods to teach language depending on the objectives of the course and the abilities of the learners. It is also known as mixed- methods. This method was first used in 1920s-1930s by English linguists (Henry Sweet and Harold Palmer).