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The American Colonies Emerge
•Presidio- Fortified base established by the Spanish in in areas under their control. It is important because it protected and fortified Spanish missions. •Mestizo- Mixed Spanish and Native America, Used as racial categorizing during the Spanish Empire’s control of their American colonies. •Northwest passage- Route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans along northern coast of north America. The importance is it was a new passage along America. -
The American Colonies Emerge
•Joint-Stock company- Business where different stakes can be bought and owned by shareholders. It allowed colonies to make a profit. The importance is they were the first stocks in America. •John Smith- Eniglish Explorer and co-founder of Jamestown in Virginia.It is said he was saved by Pocahontas. -
The American colonies emerge
•House of Burgesses-First legislative assembly of elected representatives in America. Was established by the Virginia Company, consisted of 22 people and held at Jamestown. It is important because it opened doors for the government that was later established and was America’s first government.
Bacon’s Rebellion- Armed rebellion in the 1676 in Virginia, led
by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley. Rebellion was ignited by Bacon not being allowed to be part of the fur trade. -
The American colonies emerge
•Puritan- group of English Protestants in 16-17 century. Began as an activist movement within the Church of England. Puritans are strict on religious beliefs and moral issues. Important because it became a new religion. •Mayflower compact- First governing document of Plymouth colony. Written by those aboard the Mayflower in 1620, who were separatists, who fled from religious persecution for King James of England. -
American colonies Emerge
William Penn- 22 year-old quaker, founder of Pennsylvania. Advocate of democracy and religious freedom. Famous for his peaceful dealings with the Indies. City of Philadelphia was planned and developed under him. -
The Colonies Come of Age
•Indentured slave- A person who works indefinitely for free in exchange for free passage to a new country. This was important because people were in such a desperate place they had to become slaves to get into a new country. •Middle passage- the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies. The importance of this was this was how the got to a better place. •Magna Carta- A law guaranteeing rights and freedoms. The importance was it provided people rights. -
The Colonies Come of Age
•English Bill of rights- constitution of rights for England. •Habeas Corpus- a judicial mandate that orders a prisoner to be brought to court to determine whether the person should be imprisoned or released from custody. This is important because to this day we have hearings that determine this. •Salutary neglect- A term meaning avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England. This is important it shows how England tried to keep control -
The colonies come of age
•Mercantilism- belief in the benefits of profitable trading. Many nations used this belief. It is important because it helped keep a profitable economy. •Enlightenment- 18th century intellectual movement that emphasized use of reason and scientific method as ways to obtain knowledge. This ended up changing the world into the world we know today. It gave theories of how and why the world works and helped contribute to understanding the world. -
The coloneis come of age
•Great awakening- Revitalization sweeps protestant Europe and British America, especially American colonies in the 1730s. It helped shape the world as we know it. •Cash crops-Crops grown by farmers for sale rather than personal use to return profit. This is how farmers make a living. -
American Beginnings
•Renaissance- Known as the rebirth, was a cultural movement from roughly the 17th century. It began in Italy and spread through Europe. It is important because it led to the end ofthe Middle Ages. •Prince Henry the Navigator- Never actively navigated but founded most expeditions, which later helped portugal advance and it's important because he paid important voyages and opened schools. -
American Beginnings
•Christopher Columbus- European sailor whose voyages were funded by the Spanish.He wanted to fund a new route to the Indies but ended up discovering America. •Conquistador- Spanish adventurers in the 16th century who searched for gold and converted Natives to their religion. The were examples of missionaries. •Hernan Cortes- Spanish explorer who conquered and defeated the Aztecs and Mexico. He played a big role in history. -
American Beginnings
•Montezuma- The last Aztec emperor of Mexico. He was a great emperor that ruled from 1502-1570. He was important to the aztec civilization. Columbian Exchange- Widespread trade of animals, plants,culture, communicable disease, technology,ideas between Europe, Africa and the Americas. It was important in helping maintain New World with goods. -
American Beginnings
•Migrate- when you transfer to a new place due to weather or food supply. This would involve people who migrated to the Americas from another continent.They did this for better living conditions.
•Adobe- What people in the Southwest used to build their homes out of. Native Americans used this in California. This is important because it was the first real effective housing.
•Iroquois League- A tribe in the Eastern Woodland,It consisted of six nations and used hunter gatherer techniques. -
Shaping a new nation
•The federalist- 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay to support the constitution. They were three very influential people of that time and their essays became very beneficial. •Popular sovereignty- The authority of a state’s authority is consented by the people. This makes the people keep control. -
Launching the New Nation
•cabinet- A group of department heads who serve as the president’s chief advisors. This is important for organization of the government. •Alexander Hamilton- He was a founding father of the United States, chief staff aide to George Washington and an influential interpreter and promoter of the United States. He was important to the beginning of America. -
Launching the New Nation
•Alien and Sedition acts- A series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States. This makes sure The United States citizens have more power. This made sure people could not just come to America and change it, only United States citizens. •Marbury vs, Madison- 1803 case which the supreme court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional. This was important because if someone changes opinion. -
Launching The New Nation
•Tariff- A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. This provided a way for the government to make money. •Loose construction- A broad interpretation of a statute or document by a court. This made things unclear to certain people. •Strict construction- A literal interpretation of a statute or document by court. This made documents clear and concise. -
Launching the New Nation
•Whiskey Rebellion- A milestone in the consolidation of federal power in domestic affairs. This involved small frontier farmers, The farmers used corn to make whiskey. •John Jay- He was an American statesman and founding father of the United States and the first chief justice of the United States. He played a big role in the development of America. -
Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism
•Interchangeable parts- Standardized parts that can be used in place of another. This is important if one piece of a machine broke they could just change it out, instead of replacing the whole machine. •Erie Canal- A 363 mile long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825.This was important because it brought the two together. -
Balanicing Nationalism and Sectionalism
•Cotton Gin- A machine for cleaning seeds from cotton fibers. It was invented by Eli Whitey. This machine was important in the making of clothes and other cloth items. •American’s System- A pre-civil war set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by protective mean of protective tariffs(national bank) and such internal improvements as the development of a transportation system. This was a good idea in that it was made to unify the nation. -
Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism
•Monroe Doctrine- Policy of United States opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western hemisphere. It was announced by president Monroe. This kept European’s out of American business. •Missouri Compromise- A series of agreements passed by congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states. This was made to help keep both sides happy. -
Balancing Nationalsim and Sectionalism
•Indian removal act- This was a law that forced Native Americans east of the Mississippi to move lands in the west. This was beneficial to the white settlers, but was cruel to the Native Americans. •Jackson Democracy- A political movement during the second party system toward greater democracy for the common man, symbolized by Andrew Jackson. This was important to the people during that time. -
Balancing Nationslism and Sectionalism
Tariff of Abominations- This was John Calboun’s name for a tariff increase that seem to southerners to be enriching the North at their expense. This was important because it was one of the thing that angered the South. -
The New Nation
•Bicameral Legislature- When the legislatures are divided into two separate, assemblies, houses or chambers. This is important so that the government is not just all combined and there is some variation. •Articles of Confederation- A written agreement between the thirteen original states that established The United States of America. This was the backbone of America. •Northwest Ordinance-An act of congress that provided for the Northwest territory and created the idea that their subdivision -
A New Nation
•Shay’s rebellion-A 1786 uprising led by Daniel Shay, which happened in Massachusetts. His followers protested the foreclosures of farms for debt and shut down the court system for a short period of time. He was very influential to his followers. •Great compromise- Provided states with equal representation in the Senate and in the House of Representatives. -
Shaping a New Nation
•Limited government-The primary leaders have little governing powers on decisions or laws without other branches of government opinion. This keeps the government from becoming a dictatorship. •Separation of powers- Legislative, judicial and executive branches of government are separate. This is important because it keeps one branch from having ultimate control. •Checks and balances- Influences that keep a system regulated, so that control does not fall in the hands of one individual or group -
Reforming American Society and Expanding Markets and Mocing West
•Nullification- States refusal to recognise an act of congress that is considers unconstitutional. This was an example of rebellion against the government. •Second Great Awakening- 19th century religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized, along with the need for personal and social improvement. -
Reforming American Society and Expanding Markets and Mocing West
•Utopian community- An experimental community designed to be a perfect society, in which its members could live together in harmony. The importance of this is that this could never happen because everyone's idea of perfect is different. •Dorothea Dix- An American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who created the generation of insane asylums. The importance of Dorothea is she brings light on the subject of people who are mentally ill. -
Reforming American Society and Expanding Markets and Mocing West
•Nat Turner- An American slave who led a slave rebellion and freed blacks in Southhampton county, Virginia. It resulted in sixty white deaths. This was a beginning to ending slavery. •William Lloyd Garrison- An United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal.He was also a suffragist and social reformer. He played a big roll in ending slavery. -
Reforming American Society and Expanding Markets and Mocing West
•Abolition Movement- A movement to end slavery. This was important because it helped end slavery. •Seneca Falls convention- A women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls. New York. This was a beginning to to women’s rights. •Elizabeth Cady Stanton- An American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist and leading figure of the early Women’s Rights Movement. She was a had a great impact on the Women’s Rights Movement. -
Reforming American Society and Expanding Markets and Mocing West
•Manifest Destiny- A belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory. This changed the way people thought. •Lone Star Republic- A chamber of commerce. Huntsville, Texas. This made more people populate Texas. •Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo- This ended the Revolutionary War with Mexico, in which Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the United States. The importance of this is it ended the revolutionary war. -
Reforming American Society and Expanding Markets and Mocing West
•California Gold Rush- A period of American History which began on January 24th 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in California. The importance of this was gold was found, which provided a way of exchanging gold for money. •Gadsden Purchase- Purchase by the United States’ land from Mexico, establishing the present United States-Mexico boundary. The importance of this is seperates us from Mexico. -
Reforming American Society and Expanding Markets and Mocing West
•Mormon Movement- A collection of independent church groups that trace their origin to christian movements founded by Joseph Smith. This made the Mormon society able to be independant. -
The battle of fort Sumpter
*first battle of the Civil War.
*Confederacy decided to attack
*North had only about 300 men and south had basically unlimited troops
*South had lots of supplies adn North did not.
*South got fort sumpter.
*Two men died and several injured. -
Anaconda Plan
*military plan that empahasized the blockade of the southern ports and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two.
*The plan stopped trade in the south.
* -
The Second Battle of Bullrun
*Tactical victory for Confederates
*Lee vs Jackson
*1st battle was one of the 1st land battle
*North have more men and resources
*North lost because South had better leadership and has a cause -
Battle of Antietam
*General Lee vs McClellan
*1st major battle of Civil war and the bloodiest single day battle in American history,
*McClellan launched attakcs on Lees defensive army.
*1st battle on union soil
*Got closer and closer together and then fired
*26000 casualties
*Lincol fired McClellan
*South lost a quarter of their men -
The Battle of Fredericksburg
*General ambrose vs. Lee
*Ambrose tried to cross a river but Lee sstopped him.
*Union lost 1284 dead, 9600 wounded and 1769 missing -
Battle of Chancellorsville
*South won
*General of North decided to do a surprise attack.
*Hooker(main genreal) thought to attack the South from teh front and back and seperated army in half.
*Battle lasted 6 days.
*30,764 casualties -
Siege of Vicksberg
*Grant vs Pemberton
*Union victory
*Ended July 4th
*Plan was to starve the confederates
*Led to the anaconda plan
*Town was destroyed
*Some women helped as nurses -
Battle of the Gettysburg
*Gettysburg's address ,November 19 1863, purpose was to convince people to support the war
Only battle that took place in Northern territory.
*There were so many dead bodies, that you couldnt see the groubnd
*Union's tactic to being on the hill was beneficial to them.
*The union defeated confederates, even though the South had more soldiers. -
Battle of Petersburg
*Trench warfare.
*Most African-Americans throughout war.
*Purpose of battle was to cut off Souths supply ;lines
*Last battle, union won
*Union had way more troops. -
Sherman's March to The Sea
*"Savannah Campaign"
*General SHerman recruited slaves, refuges and Northern supporters of the war.
*South feared Sherman
*Sheramn recruited anout 5,000 African-Americans...by the end of the march he had lleft them behind and they became prisioners.
*SHerman used osychologicak tactics on the South
*He tore up railroads, burned down house, stole food, killed livestock....this is called unconditional warfare. -
Appomoattox Courthouse
*Confederate surrender
*UNion outnumbered confederate
*Lee vs Grant
*700 casualties
*Confederate troops were allowed to go back home
*Not courthosue, someones house...battle took place on this land.
*Not last battle but considered official end.
*Lincon let the opposing army go when he won
