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Civil Disobedience Movement
This movement was aimed at forcing the British to accept the Congress demands regarding a further constitution for India. Congress wanted the entire rule of India to be granted to them so that they can rule all of India including the Muslims. -
The Cripps Proposals
Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British to India to obtain their co operation after Britain's war efforts in WW2 but the proposal was rejected as Ghandi did not want India to be broken up into different states and Mr. Jinnah did not want to compromise on the constitution making progress. -
Quit India Movement
The Congress became impatient and wanted British to leave India. The Congress violently protested for the British to "Quit India" and some of the members were also arrested although most of the damage had already been done by then and lives were lost. In response to this, Mr. Jinnah and the League demanded "Divide and Quit India" -
Simla Conference
A conference was held by the viceroy at Simla, where the forming of an executive council was discussed. However, Muslim League demanded for the right of choosing the Muslims on the new council, but the Congress contained Muslim Leaders as well and thus this demand was not accepted by the Hindus therefore, this disagreement led to the failure of Simla Conference. -
Elections of 1945-1946
These elections decided the partition of India into two states. This was because the League had managed to convince all the Muslims of India that a separate homeland was needed. Muslim League won all the Muslim votes while Congress won all the Non Muslim votes. The Muslim League proved to be the only representative of Muslims while Congress represented the Hindus. -
The Cabinet Mission Plan
This was the last attempt of British to keep a united India as they offered the Central Government to only control defense,military,communication while Indians could control all the important matters. 3 zones would also be created containing all the provinces with certain majorities. Group A; Hindu provinces, Groups B and C; Muslim majorities, also, separate governments and affairs will be handled by each provincial group.Indians also had the right to veto any law that affected them negatively. -
Direct Action Day
Muslims, who had previously accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan, being frustrated at British for favoring the Congress rejected the Cabinet Mission plan and announced Direct Action, Day on 16th August. But violence took place and many were killed, esp. on the streets of Calcutta. The Cabinet Mission Plan also failed after the two main parties refused to join. -
The Radcliffe Award
On 16 August 1947 at 5:00 pm, the Indian and Pakistani representatives were given two hours to study copies, before the Radcliffe award was published on 17 August. The princely states were offered to either join India or Pakistan or remain independent. 3 states- Kahmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh remained undecided. Kashmir remaining undecided created a long lasting dispute between the two, while Hydrebad and Junagarh were forcibly take over by the Hindus by sending troops. -
Independence and Partition
The last viceroy, Lord Mountbatten had to decide when and how partition would take place V.P. Menon advised for India to be divided into two clear states, both given dominion status. Punjab and Bengal were divided instead of being independent. Mountbatten's plan was accepted by British and he decided to bring partition forward in one year in 1947. This plan was accepted by the Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and on the next day (3rd June) Mr. Jinnah announced his acceptance of the Partition plan. -
The Independence Act
This act marked the end of British rule, and stated for the creation of two dominion states, Pakistan and India, their governments to follow the Act of 1935 till a new constitution is formed, for British to have no control over the new dominions and each of them will have a Governor-General by popular consent. Everything now had to be divided perfectly, including office supplies to the ratio of 17:5 (India and Pakistan) -
Independence for India and Pakistan
On the eve of 14th August, 1947, Jawarharlal Nehru addressed the Constituent assembly by mentioning that at midnight, India will wake up as a liberated and independent state and this marked India as coming out of something old and entering new age. On 7th August, Quid e Azam flew to Karachi and first stepped on the soil of Sindh, accompanied by his sister, this was the same land that Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered to introduce Islam
