Topic 12-14 Test (How can the Reformation and the Age of Discovery be seen as extensions of the Renaissance?)

Invention of the Printing Press

1440

The invention of the printing press changed literacy. The invention of the printing press made mass production possible and introduced Europe to moveable type. The mass production allowed for texts to be printed much faster than ever before and marked a turning point in literacy rates. People could now learn how to read.

The Fall of Constantinople

1453

The fall of Constantinople removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion. This allowed for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe. It was the migration of a lot of
Byzantine soldiers that are thought to aid in the development of the Renaissance.

Columbus Discovers the New World

1492

Christopher Columbus’s voyage marked Europe’s discovery of North America. The thought of the Crusades was still in the heads of many Europeans. Therefore, Columbus's discovery of this new land led to many Europeans
wanting to convert any natural inhabitants to Christianity. This shows how the Age of Discovery was a sort of extension of the Renaissance.

The Columbian Exchange

1493

The travel between the Old and the New World was a huge environmental turning point. The Columbian Exchange was important because it resulted in the mixing of people, deadly diseases that devastated the Native American population, crops, animals, goods, and trade flows.

Luther’s 95 Theses

1517

Luther's 95 Theses, propounded two central beliefs. One belief was that the Bible is the central religious authority. The other belief was that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds. Luther's 95 Theses was the spark of Protestant Reformation.

The Holy Office

1542

The Holy Office was created by Paul III in 1542. It was created to eliminate signs of heresy (Protestantism). This is one of the most important events in regards to religious wars or conflicts, because The Inquisition could subject the accussed to torture or death as an official part of the church.

The Council of Trent

1545

The main goal of the Council of Trent was to try and reform the Catholic church and reconcile with Protestants. The Council of Trent made some very important changes to the church, like having formal training for priests.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

1572

This Massacre is one of the many different French Wars of Religion. There was an effort to end the religious conflicts, but the Duke of Guise convinced the king that the death of Prince Henry would result in the end of all of the fighting. Catholics then launched the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre where over 2,000 Protestants were killed.

Spanish Armada

1588

The Spanish Armada was one part of a planned invasion of England by King Philip II of Spain. However, the Spanish were defeated by the Dutch, so they were unable to restore unity to their territories, which marked the start of their decline in power.

Edict of Nantes

1598

The Edict of Nantes was issued under Henry of Navarre after he ascended to the French throne as Henry IV. It effectively ended the French Wars of Religion by granting official tolerance to Protestantism. Henry of Navarre had been a Calvinist, but before he was crowned, he converted to Catholicism.