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3000 BCE
Edwin Smith Papyrus
In Ancient Egypt, Imhotep physician, first written description of the brain. Having control over body, first documentation of surgery. -
965 BCE
Al Hazen
Studied visual perception. Realized eye was sensitive to light coming into it. -
624 BCE
Thales
The first philosopher. His ideas caused the break between philosophy and religion. Underlying behavior, explaining natural phenomena and not Gods. The physics is that everything comes from water. -
570 BCE
Pythagoras
Introduced mathematical thinking. Relationships between phenomena. Rationalism- believed natural phenomena followed patterns and laws. Thought everything was connected someway somehow. -
470 BCE
Socrates
Encouraged people to question what they believe. He believed that you have to question everything. Socratic method- Why you believe what you believe. This belief got him sentenced to death from disturbing the youth, and making them question what they believe in. -
460 BCE
Democritus
Focused on Thales. Believed everything could be subdivided from the smallest atom and everything comes from it. Believes behavior is a small complex molecule. -
460 BCE
Hippocrates
First to notice the importance of the physical body. Recognized the importance of physical well-being to behavior. Four humors: Blood, phlem, yellow bile, and black bile (chemical imbalances). -
427 BCE
Plato
Student of Socrates. Reinforced ideas of subjectivity of reality. Allegory of the cave- limited perspective, explore further and ask questions. Become aware of different ways to observe the world -
384 BCE
Aristotle
Student of Plato. First scientist in Greece, emphasized Empiricism- test theories in controlled settings. Had theories on memory. -
15 BCE
Parmenides
Agreed with tradition and natural causes. Says observation is not enough. Believed seeing is not believing, and thought that senses were unreliable. -
Jun 1, 1037
Avicenna
Medicine and surgery. Studied the mind, and was the first philosopher to have innate self-awareness and thoughtfulness. -
Jan 1, 1225
St. Thomas Aquines
Humanistic psychology- Focused on studying individual desires, and understanding individual abilities. Anti-scientific dogma- opposed to any broad rules of human behavior to order and science. -
Jan 1, 1528
Franz Josef Gall
Brain Anatomist and Phrenologist. Careful dissections, first to document that there are hemispheres that connected by white matter bundles. -
Descartes
First to document the discovery of the cerebral spinal fluid inside the brain. He called it animal spirits, and made first description of a reflex. -
Thomas Willis
Increase in available technology that allowed him to make more specific cuts and could make more atomic observations. First documentation of of white vs. gray matter. -
John Locke
Was not satisfied with innate consciousness. He said that the contents of the mind are completely built from sensory experiences. -
Immanual Kant
Emphasized the role of an active mind in creating the phenomenal world. -
Charles Bell
Law of specific nerve energies: Individuals sensory neurons only conveyed information relevant to that sensory system. -
Pierre Flourens
Ablation studies- First evidence suggested cortex + brain worked together as a whole. Intended damage to see what happens. Unified organ vs. Localized divided organs. -
Jean Baptist Bouillaud
Found that language was located in the left frontal lobe. -
Paul Broca
Broca's area. Broca's aphasia- Lack of words. Located in the frontal lobe in the left. -
Jean Charcot
Hysteria- condition characterized by range of physical and mental symptoms with no cause. -
Wudnt
The founding father of psychology as a science. Studied sensation and perception. -
Gustav Fritsch
Famous for brain electrical stimulation studies. Primary motor cortex- when electricity stimulate, dog moved limbs. -
David Ferrer
Found different areas of localized function within the brain. Found primary somatosensory cortex. -
John Watson
Founder of behavioral psychology. Emotional conditioning- believed that all human emotional experiences were the result of classical conditioning. -
Carl Wernicke
Wernicke's area- speech and language comprehension. -
Hermann Ebbighaus
Investigated learning and memory. Showed that Wundt was wrong. Changed the way of association or learning is studied. -
Sigmund Freud
Oedipus Comlex. Psycho-sexual stages of development, behavior being because a child missed an important stage of their childhood. -
Binet
Individual Psychology, intelligence testing, Studied the differences between each individual. -
Edward Bradford Titchener
Structuralism- His system of psych. Believed the key of the conscious mind was to understand the individual "structures" that made it up. -
Jean Piaget
The four developmental stages: sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational stage, Concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage. -
Rosalie Rayner
"Little Albert Studies" with Watson -
Burrhus Fredric Skinner
Invented the operant chamber and studied operant conditioning. -
Eleanor Jack Gibson
Depth perception- the brain's ability to build 3D perceptions from 2D images coming from each eye. -
Jerome S. Bruner
"The cognition project" showed how a variety of "nonobjective" factors influenced perception. -
Noam Chomsky
Developed a more "mentallistic" theory of language learning. First to say that behaviorism, conditioning could not explain the nature of language learning.
