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During the reign of Henry VIII, the schism is the split for the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.
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Henry VIII became the "Supreme Head of the Church of England", and thus replaced the Pope.
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From 1536 to 1541, the monasteries were disbanded. Which led to the Crown to take advantage by appropriated themselves their income and land (25%). -
From 1536 to 1537, the consequences of the dissolution of the monasteries led to the rebellious in Yorshire and Lincolnshire, the person who was the head of this, was a Tudor monarch. They lasted 6 months and thus became the "Pilgrimage of Grace". -
In 1537, the permission was given to translate a Latin Bible into English. -
From 1545 to 1563:
- the Roman Catholic Church attempted to correct some of the abuses of the Church.
- and harshly condemned Protestant heresies. -
At Henry VIII's death, the Church of England was not entirely Protestant despite the schism. -
At the reign of the son of Henry VIII, Edward VI, who was Protestant. The publication of the "Book of Common Prayer" was released. -
Died at 15, Edward VI left behind him a bankrupt England. -
In the same year of Edward VI death, his older sister Mary I became the first Queen of England. During her reign, she restored Catholicism in 18 months. Also, her marriage with Philip II of Spain was controversial became she became an ally with Spain in a war against France, which led to a decline in her popularity.
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Protestantism was confined to secrecy as heretics were burned between 1555 and 1558. During the reign of Mary I, over 200 Protestants went to the stake. Also, they were forced to leave the country and going to the Continent. They were called the "Marian exiles".
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Her death was appreciated by the English population, who turned their back against her. Even her husband do not seemed to be sad about his wife's death: "I feel a reasonable regret at her death". -
It is a Religious belief. And it consists by:
- every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer.
- people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
At the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth I, between 1559 to 1563, The Act of Supremacy is a Church organisation, she passed a new legistation:
- abolished the autority of the Pope.
- restored the authority of the Queen over the Church.
- she became the "Supreme Governor of the Church of England". -
From 1563 to 1571, The 39 articles of faith which was a Doctrine, consisted by:
- stated the doctrine (religious belief) of the Church.
- 3 important changes: a new ecclesiology, a new doctrine of Salvation and a new definition of sacrements and of the mass (which is still in use today). -
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- Rebellion against religious reforms.
- 6000 insurgents.
- An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth by Mary, Queen of Scots.
- The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland.
- It was crushed.
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In 1570, the Queen Elizabeth is excommunicated by the Pope Pius V. He called Elizabeth "The so-called queen" for example. And also, he almost gave Catholics licence to kill her thinking that it would not be seen as a crime by Rome. -
- it provided for the death penality for any person converting or already converted to Catholicism.
- It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic Mass.
- Anglican services were compulsory: £20 per month.
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Elizabeth I was receiving death threats by young Catholics. They wanted her to be replaced by Marie Stuart but their strategies were found by Francis Walsingham. -
The main ideological effects of the victory over the Spanish Armada were:
- acted as proof of the extraodinary qualities of Elizabeth I.
- acted as reaffirmation of the English national cohesion.
- the insularity of the English nation.
- Divine protection. -
The Queen made a speech in Tillbury, in order to rally the troops of the Spanish Armada: "I know I have the body of a weak woman but I have the heart and stomach of a king, a King of England too". -
James I was proclaimed King of England after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.
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A small group of Catholics who wanted to blow up the Parliament and kill James I. -
The "Great Contract" which was a financial reform consisted by:
- The King would receive a fixed sum.
- But some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore to get money (the King would be financially independent).
- The House of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great Contract and James dismissed the Parliament. -
At the request of James I, a new English translation of the Bible is published in 1611. -
From 1618 to 1648, The Thirty Years' War included:
- Military defeats (Lord Buckingham, the King’s advisor became very unpopular)
- England in war with Spain and France And the consequences of this war were:
- A huge strain on finances
- The raising of troops (50 000) had important impacts on the local population -
Before he died, James summoned a parliament in 1621 to ask for money for war. And in 1624, the Parliament agreed to finance the war on Spain. -
They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial.
- Wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his powers.
- Charles reluctantly signed it but was furious, and as MPs were
discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, he suspended parliament seating. -
From 1629 to 1640, the King ruled during 11 years without calling a parliament.
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In 1629, the Member of the Parliament passed the
Three Resolutions which consisted by:- Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the
Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom. - as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent.
- Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the
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Scottish opposition came to the boil when Charles I attempted to impose a New Prayer Book (Book of Common Prayer).
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In 1640, Charles I needed money to fight the Scots, thus for the first time in 11 years he called for a parliament. -
James I (Charles’ father) had implemented a plantation policy:
- sending English and Scottish protestant colonists to Ireland, taking the lands of Irish Catholics
- In Oct 1641, Irish Catholic rebels rose up against Protestant settlers- Massacre of 3 000/4 000 protestants
- False rumours: Irish atrocities, 200 000 protestants massacred (fuelled the anti-Catholic sentiment in England)
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It is an important document voted by Parliament after heated debates. It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands:
- the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s
ministers
- the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
- the right for Parliament to reform the Church -
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The First civil war would cost the lives of 190 000 Englishmen (in combat/from diseases) and last for four years. -
This new army was created by the Parliamentarians.
- Strong of 22 000 men
- Armed with swords, pistols, pikes
- Wearing the redcoat
- Religious fervour (nicknamed the “praying army”, soldiers carried Bibles in their breast pockets), convinced that the army was acting on God’s behalf -
The June 1645 Battle of Naseby was a turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken. -
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- One of the consequences of the war = encouraged groups with radical ideas, who made a peace settlement more difficult to achieve. The New Model Army in particular = vehicle for the emergence of radical ideas.
- Religious radicalism: Separatists protestants who wanted religious toleration
- Political radicalism: new ideas (democracy, importance of the people, egalitarianism)
- Influenced by the Levellers (led by John Lilburne)
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November 1647: the King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots (he promised to introduce Presbyterianism/Calvinism into England, in return the Scottish army would invade England and restore him to power)
- Horrified Parliament (using a foreign army to wage war on his own people) and led to the Second Civil War -
Pride's Purge: Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs. -
Monarchy and House of Lords abolished, England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic). -
The Irish Rebellion led by Irish Catholics was crushed by Cromwell and his troops.
- Massacre of the Irish Royalist troops and civilians in Drogheda
- Wexford massacre (every man, woman children killed) -
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England's first ond only written constitution. -
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It promised:
- A general amnesty.
- To continue religious toleration.
- To share power with Parliament in return for the restoration of monarchy.
= it was a success. The King restored 29 May 1660 = The Restoration. -
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- Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II.
- Fear: James as king would implement pro-Catholic politics + might try to restore absolute monarchy, threatening Parliament (Just look at Louis XIV: absolute monarch + persecution of protestants).
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- Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne.
- Charles’ reaction: dissolving the Parliament.
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- In 1688, Parliament invited the King’s son in law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown.
- He landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistance.
- James’ army disintegrated, officers deserted.
- James II fled to France and William became King William III.
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Established religious pluralism and freedom of worship for all Protestants. -
- List King James' misdeeds.
- Fixed limitations on the sovereign's powers.
- Set out the rights of Parliament.
- Set out basic civil rights.
- A key political text.
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- Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs.
- Successor: Hanoverian descendants of James I.
- Key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
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Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain: England (and Wales) and Scotland. (Was the biggest wish of James I).
- Scotland had being occupied under Cromwell.
- Under Restoration: regained control of its own Parliament but the King of England was Scotland’s Monarch.
- Always threat of French invasion through Scotland, or rising in favour of James.
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1710-1714: Britain gained Acadia over the French. -
Led to by "Old Pretender" James Francis Edward Stuart (the son of James I). -
Led by the "Young Pretender" Bonnie Prince Charlie (the grandson of James II). -
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1756-1763: Britain gained Florida over the Spanish and (most of) Canada over the French. -
Grievances against George III. -
- colonies in North America including the West Indies, and the Pacific including New Zealand (which became a British Colony following an expedition by James Cook in 1769).
- trading posts in India.
- naval bases in the Mediterranean (Gibraltar and Minorca).
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Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States. -
1793-1802: French Revolutionary Wars
- Britain at war with France.
- Combatting revolutionary ideology + maritime, colonial and economic motive. -
- An uprising against British rule in Ireland.
- Influenced by the ideas of the American and the French revolutions.
- Presbyterian radicals + Catholics.
- Rebels defeated (/atrocities).
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Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Merged the Parliament of Ireland into the Parliament of the UK.