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1534
Act of Supremacy
The king was made "supreme Head of the church of england" -
1536
Pilgrimage of Grace
A revolt due to the changes the act of supremacy. -
1547
Death of Henry VIII
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1547
Begining of Edward VI's reign
He was a protestant and tired to make the Church of England more protestant -
1549
The book of Common Prayer
It replaced every latin mass book in every churches -
1553
End of Edward VI's reign
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1553
begining of the reign of Mary I
Her aim was restoring catholicism. She ended the protestant legislation of her half brother -
1558
The Elizabethan settlement
Elizabethe I was called to reign due to the death of her half brother and sister. She was a protestant -
1558
Death of Mary I
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1559
1559 Act of Uniformity
Every parish had to use the Book of common prayer, and people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
1559
1559 Act of supremacy
After Mary’s reign, she reaffirmed the authority of the Queen over the Church, she became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England -
Period: 1563 to 1571
The 39th article of faith
this article Stated the doctrine of the Church, a revised and tamed version of Edward VI”s 42 articles. It still is the main doctrinal frame for the Anglican church of today -
Period: 1568 to 1573
Marian civil war
Mary Stuart had to abdicate in 1568 , from then a war between her supporters and those who ruled the country in the name of her infant son James VI -
1569
Northern rebellion
In 1569 took place the Northern Rebellion : Animated by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland, they were back by 6000 insurgents. Their aim was to replace Elizabeth by Mary, Queen of Scots (Catholic and next heir in line). The rebellion was crushed. -
1570
Excommunication of Elizabeth
The pope supported Mary Queen of Scots, so after the rebellion, the Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth -
1572
Vagabond Act
established the idea that central and local government had a responsibility for helping the poor -
1581
Act to retain the Queen’s Majesty’s Subjects in their due Obedience
Death penalty for converts; Catholic mass forbidden. About 150-200 persons were killed during the repression. -
execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Elizabeth kept Mary in prison, and at first decided not to execute her. Thus she managed to looks like a moderate monarch while enforcing her decisions -
the King of Spain Philipp II sent the Spanish Armada to invade Britain
Due to weather conditions and a good naval strategy, the “invincible” armada will be defeated. Huge victory, at a symbolic and diplomatic level. -
Death of Elizabeth I
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Jame I became King
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peace with Spain
King James signed peace with Spain in 1604. -
The Great Contract
In 1610, the Great Contract between King and Parliament stipulated that the King received a fixed sum for his annual expenses -
Period: to
The thirty years war
Charles I inherited of an uncomfortable war situation within the Thirty Years War. England was at war against both Spain and France -
Parliament voted funds for the war with Spain
Parliament took place in 1624 and voted funds for the war on Spain -
Death of James I
James I died in 1625 and left that war for Charles I. -
Dissolvement of Parliament
the Parliament tried to limit Buckingham’s power and strain on the finances. The King decided to dissolve parliament ! -
Petition of Right
In June 1628, the King was forced to call Parliament again, and the Parliament issued the Petition of Right. They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial. -
Session of Parliament
The MPs passed the Three Resolutions : Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom ; as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent. -
Period: to
The "Eleven Years Tyranny"
From 1629 to 1640, Charles will rule without Parliament. Whig historians called this moment “The Eleven Years Tyranny” -
peace treaty with Scots
the Scots covenanters invaded England. The peace treaty of Ripon was signed in October 1640 (England had to pay Scottish army treats). Charles I, in a catastrophic financial and political situation, had to call Parliament again. This one will stand until 1660 : the long parliament. -
The Irish rebellion
real acceleration toward the Civil War came from Ireland. In October 1641, a Civil War broke out : The Irish Rebellion. Irish Catholics, fed up with their treatment as second class citizens and the plantation process in Ulster rose up and this turned into a violent riot : Massacre of 3000/4000 Protestants. -
Militia Act
The Parliament found necessary to raise an army under its control and passed the Militia Act. Nominating generals, raising an army, all of this is supposed to be the King’s incontestable right -
the Grand Remonstrance
- The House of Common’s right to choose King’s ministers.
- Parliament’s right to control an army
- Parliament’s right to reform the church The Parliament is now divided in two factions : the Parliamentarians and the Royalists
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War to Parliament
in August 1642, Charles formally declared war on Parliament. The Civil War has now officially started -
Period: to
Civil War
The first Civil War opposed the Cavaliers (Royalists) and the Roundheads (Parlementarians). It had cost the lives of 190 000 Englishmens from combats and diseases spread by the troops. -
Battle of Naseby
the Roundheads and their New Model Army backed by the Scots won a decisive battle. It established their superiority over royalists’ forces. -
The surrender of the King
the King surrendered to the Scots, who handed him to Parliament -
Mutiny
The Parliament decided to disband the New Model Army, to settle peace… But they did so without paying the soldiers what they were due ! This led to a mutiny in June 1647, and the NMA seized the King -
The King's escape
the King escaped in November 1647, he forged an alliance with the Scots promising the installation of Presbyterianism over England -
the Pride’s Purge
In December 1648, the Army’s Colonel Pride entered the Parliament to arrest 45 conservative MPs : the Pride’s Purge that led to the formation of the very radical and quite reduced Rump Parliament, that put the King on trial for high treason -
Period: to
Second civil war
The King's alliance with the Scots led to a Second Civil War (January-Autumn 1648) -
Irish Rebellion
In 1649, another Irish Rebellion broke out. Cromwell’s army repressed and installed a severe repression towards Catholics -
Execution of KIng Charles I
On the 30th January of 1649, The King Charles I was Executed.
Monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished. England was declared a Commonwealth – A republic. -
Charles II King of Scotland
Charles II, Charles I’s son, was proclaimed King of Scotland after his father’s execution. He raised an army, soon to be defeated by Cromwell.
He escaped and fled to Europe -
End of the Commonwealth / Start of the Protectorate
On the 20th of April 1653, Cromwell dissolved the Rump. The Barebones Parliament will follow, but without much success. The 16th of December 1653, it was dissolved. End of the Commonwealth / Start of the Protectorate -
Period: to
War with Spain
Started a successful war against Spain (1654-1660) that anchored English presence in the West Indies (conquest of Jamaica). -
Death of Cromwell
Cromwell died in 1658, his son Richard became Lord Protector, but had to resign soon in face of increasing political tensions. For some months, complete anarchy of multiple governments. Increasing popular demands for the return of the King. -
King's restauration
Charles II, on exile in the Dutch republics, published the Declaration of Breda in 1660.
Amnesty, religious toleration and acknowledgment of Parliament power if monarchy is restored
The King was restored on the 29th of May 1660. -
act of uniformity
During Charles II reign, important conflicts between the King and Parliament over questions of religion. The Parliament (local gentry, longing for stability) defended a restoration of the Church of England : they were against extended toleration and for uniformity – hatred of both puritan radicalism (Cromwell) and papism (Charles I Arminiamism)
act of uniformity, the Book of Common Prayer imposed again -
Outbreak of Plague
First Charles II had to face dreadful events : the 1665 outbreak of plague -
Period: to
the second Anglo-Dutch war
The second Anglo-Dutch war (1665-67) was seen as a defeat -
Great Fire of London
Some interpreted those dreadful events as a divine sign that the King’s inclination toward Catholicism was a malediction -
the popish plot
The Popish Plot of 1678 : Rumours of a plot organised by the French to assassinate Charles II and to put his catholic brother on the throne. The Parliament decided to execute 35 people. -
Period: to
Political crisis
Between 1678-1681, political crisis that aroused from the fact that the next heir to the throne, Charles II’s brother James, was a catholic. Charles had no (legitimate at least…) child -
Period: to
the exclusion crisis
The Exclusion Crisis (1679-81) : The Parliament tried to debar James from succession. Charles reaction was to dissolve Parliament. He ruled without it until his death in 1685 (he converted to Catholicism on his deathbed !). He was succeeded by his brother. -
Death of Charles II
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Bill of Right
The Glorious Revolution reinstalled a protestant monarch. Mary and William also accepted Parliamentary authority / limits to their power. England became a Constitutional Monarchy, framed by the 1689 Bill of Right -
1689 Toleration Act
The 1689 Toleration Act will offer extended toleration for dissenters (not for Catholics). -
William III becomes King
With about 20000 soldiers, William lands in England in the early November of 1688. He will met no resistance.
James II fled to France. Williams invited to take the throne. Became King William III. -
treaty of Limerick in 1691
In 1690 William lands in Ireland with his army and win a short war : treaty of Limerick in 1691 -
Creation of the Bank of England
The financial revolution that occurred during the XVIIIth century had many aspects. First, the Bank of England was created in 1694 -
Act of Settlement
The Act of Settlement stated that the succession should be from William to Anne to Sophia of Hanover (James I granddaughter) – while there was many more direct heir to the throne...but Catholics -
Act of Union
In 1707, Act of Union between England and Scotland. After that the Jacobite threat was tamed. A single kingdom, no more parliament in Scotland, but representatives in the House of Commons. The Presbyterian Scottish Kirk kept its independence from the Church of England -
Death of Queen Anne
Queen Anne died in 1714, and was succeeded by George I, first king of the Hanover dynasty -
The first rebellion
The first rebellion, in 1715, sought to install the “old pretender”, James Francis Edward Stuart (1688-1766, the one whom its birth led to the Glorious Revolution -
Period: to
Robert Walpole as Prime Minister
Institutional changes : birth of modern offices : Prime Minister and cabinet. Robert Walpole (a Whig) was the first Prime Minister of Britain, effectively in office from 1721 to 1742. -
The second rebellion
The second rebellion, in 1745, to install the “young pretender”, Charles Edward Stuart (1720-88), aka “Bonnie Prince Charlie). Led to the final Jacobites’ defeat at the Battle of Culloden (1746). -
Period: to
The seven years war
The Seven Years War (1754-63) opposed a French coalition to the English, mostly over questions of colonial and naval control. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 made Britain victorious -
Recognition of the independence of the Uited States
In 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the United States through the Treaty of Paris. -
Acts of Union
In 1798 : another Irish Rebellion – caused by the old resentment against English rule, but also by the revolutionary fever after the French revolution. The rebellion was crushed, and in 1801, Acts of Union : Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Parliament of Ireland was integrated to London’s Parliament