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Jan 1, 1348
The Black Death
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe. -
Period: Jan 1, 1350 to Jan 1, 1550
Renaissance
The "rebirth" of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age -
Jan 1, 1415
Council of Constance burns Hus and ends Great Schism
the Council of Pisa tried to end the schism by electing Alexander V as Pope -
Period: Jan 1, 1450 to
Exploration
Europeans began to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of new routes to China and the East. -
Oct 19, 1453
Fall of Constantinople; End of Hundred Years War
The succession of conflicts known as the Hundred Years War ended on October 19th, 1453, when Bordeaux surrendered, leaving Calais as the last English possession in France. -
Jan 1, 1455
Invention of Printing Press
Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based ink; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses of the period. -
Oct 14, 1492
Colombus Encounters America
In October 1492 Christopher Columbus and his crew reached the Bahamas. -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Early Modern Society
Like the rest of the early modern world, England lacked adequate health care and sanitation. As a result, disease was common, and included such killers as typhoid & smallpox. -
Period: Jan 1, 1501 to
Protestant and Catholic Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. -
Period: Jan 1, 1501 to
Price Revolution
The term price revolution refers to the relatively high rate of inflation that characterized the period from the first half of the 16th century to the first half of the 17th, across Western Europe, with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold over 150 years. -
Period: Jan 1, 1501 to
Dutch Commercial Dominance
With Dutch naval power rising rapidly as a major force from the late 16th century, the Netherlands dominated global commerce during the second half of the 17th century during a cultural flowering known as the Dutch Golden Age. -
Oct 31, 1517
Luther Posts 95 Theses
widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. -
Jan 1, 1519
Cortez Conquers The Aztecs
After a three-month siege, Spanish forces under Hernán Cortés capture Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec empire. Cortés' men leveled the city and captured Cuauhtemoc, the Aztec emperor. -
Period: Jan 1, 1520 to
Religious Wars
The European wars of religion were a series of religious wars waged in Europe following the onset of the Protestant Reformation in Western and Northern Europe. -
Nov 1, 1536
Calvin establishes reformed faith in Geneva
The first Act of Supremacy was legislation in 1534 that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England. -
Jan 1, 1543
Copernicus publishes Heliocentric Theory
Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System. Such a model is called a heliocentric system. -
Period: Jan 1, 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. -
Nov 1, 1543
Act of Supremacy in England creates Anglican Church
The first Act of Supremacy was legislation in 1534 that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England. -
Dec 13, 1545
Council of Trent Opens
It marks the beginning of the Catholic Reformation, also known as the Counter-Reformation. -
Period: Jan 1, 1550 to
Age of Crisis
Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society. They were: demographic collapse, political instabilities and religious upheavals. -
Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg ends Religious War in Germany
The Peace of Augsburg, also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg, now in present-day Bavaria, Germany. -
Period: Jan 1, 1580 to
Witchcraft Scare
A witch-hunt is a search for witches or evidence of witchcraft, often involving moral panic, mass hysteria and mob lynching, but in historical instances also legally sanctioned and involving official witchcraft trials. -
Defeat of Spanish Armada
half of the original Armada was lost and some 15,000 men had perished -
Edict of Nantes ends French Religious Wars
Signed by Henri IV of France at Nantes on April 13th, 1598, the edict put a temporary end to the ferocious religious wars between Roman Catholics and Protestants which had torn France apart since the 1560s -
Period: to
Baroque Art
The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent, in response to the Protestant Reformation -
Dutch East India Company Founded
The Dutch East India Company was a chartered company established in 1602, when the States General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia -
Period: to
Commercial Revolution
The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 13th century until the early 18th century. -
Stuart Monarchy begins in England
This coincides with the rule of the House of Stuart, whose first monarch was James VI of Scotland. The period ended with the death of Queen Anne and the accession of George I from the House of Hanover. The Stuart period was plagued by internal and religious strife, and a large-scale civil war. -
Period: to
Conflict between Parliament and King in England
THE great civil war between King Charles and his English Parliament began in August, 1642, when the King "raised his standard" at Nottingham -
Period: to
Age of Louis XIV
Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death. -
Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. -
Charles I executed in England
In London, King Charles I is beheaded for treason on January 30, 1649 -
Period: to
Absolutism
The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters. -
Period: to
Commercial Wars
The first three wars, stemming from commercial rivalry, established England’s naval might, and the last, arising from Dutch interference in the American Revolution, spelled the end of the republic’s position as a world power. -
Period: to
Rise of Prussia
While the Thirty Years' War was still raging, a German prince came to the throne of a state which was in time to stand at the head of the modern German Empire. -
Newton publishes Principia
States Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics, also Newton's law of universal gravitation, and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. -
Glorious Revolution
It resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III, prince of Orange. -
Period: to
Rise of Russia
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Bank of England Founded
The Bank of England, formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based -
Period: to
Rise of the Middle Class
The rise of the middle class was a result of the industrial
revolution -
Period: to
Enlightenment
A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. -
Period: to
Agricultural Revolution
A period of transition from the pre-agricultural period characterized by a Paleolithic diet, into an agricultural period characterized by a diet of cultivated foods. -
Peace of Utrecht; Death of Louis XIV
A series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht. -
Period: to
Rococo Art
Rococo style, style in interior design, the decorative arts, painting, architecture, and sculpture that originated in Paris in the early 18th century but was soon adopted throughout France and later in other countries, principally Germany and Austria. -
War of Austrian Succession Begins
The War of the Austrian Succession involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the realms of the House of Habsburg. -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes. -
Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years' War
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. -
American Revolution
A line of British soldiers stared across the village green of Lexington, Massachusetts, at a crowd of seventy-seven American militiarymen. -
Period: to
Age of Revolutions
The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1789 to 1848 in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas. -
French Revolution Begins
King Louis XVI needed money. His financial crisis forced the French monarch to reluctantly convene the Estates General in order to levy a new land tax that would hopefully solve his monetary woes. -
Period: to
Feminism
The advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. -
Period: to
Rise of Nationalism
A wave of romantic nationalism swept the European continent, transforming its countries. -
Wollstonecraft begins feminist movement with "Vindication of Rights of Women"
Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists of the 18th century who did not believe women should have an education. She argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with their position in society. -
Napolean come to Power in France
Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution. -
Period: to
Romanticism
Was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe. -
Abdication of Napolean
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement established in Fontainebleau, France. -
Period: to
Rise of Liberalism
A rising tide of industrialization and urbanization in Western Europe -
Revolutions of 1848
Series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy. -
Period: to
Realism and Materialism
After years of obsession with written texts, continental philosophy has recently raised the colorful banners of materialism and realism. -
Period: to
Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution. -
Period: to
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. -
Period: to
Modern Ideas and Science
Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science. -
Period: to
Unification and Nation-Building
The formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France -
Period: to
Rise of Modern Society
the "modern" society is said to develop over many periods. -
Crystal Palace Exhibition in Britian
Inside the Crystal Palace, a giant glass-and-iron hall designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, more than 10,000 exhibitors set up eight miles of tables. -
Britian Establishes Direct Rule in India
British Crown rule was established in India, ending a century of control by the East India Company. -
Darwin publishes "Origin Of The Species"
It is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. -
Italy Unified
The fall of Gaeta brought the unification movement to the brink of fruition — only Rome and Venetia remained to be added. -
Period: to
Modern Art
Modern art includes artistic works produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era. -
Unification Of Germany
The formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's -
Berlin Conference over Imperialism in Africa
Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. -
Freud publishes "Interpretation on Dreams"
It was a famous course on self-analysis. -
Einstein publishes "Theory of Relativity"
The theory of relativity, or simply relativity in physics, usually encompasses two theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. -
Period: to
World Wars
World War or the Great War, was a global war centred in Europe -
World War I Begins
It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, paving the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved -
Bolshevik Revolution Begins
The following day, the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia), was captured. -
Treaty of Versailles ends WW1
The Versailles Treaty was the peace settlement between Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended World War I. -
Period: to
Totalitarianism
some political scientists in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible. -
Mussolini and Fascists seize power in Italy
Fascist leader Benito Mussolini was offered the Italian premiership amid political and social upheaval. -
Great Depression Begins
When the stock market collapsed on Wall Street on Tuesday, October 29, 1929, it sent financial markets worldwide into a tailspin. -
Hitler comes to power in Germany
Many Germans believed that they had found a savior for their nation. -
Munich Conference- height of Apeasement
During which the leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia. -
WW2 Begins
The global military conflict known as World War II, or the Second World War began on September 1, 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany, and the subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and most of the British Empire. -
Period: to
European Unity
European unity is absolutely necessary to have a weight in the balance of world power, both now and especially in the future. -
Period: to
Cold War
The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc -
WW2 Ends; United Nations Founded
Officially ended -
NATO Formed
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty. -
ECSC Formed
The European Coal and Steel Community was an international organisation serving to unify European countries after World War II. -
Stalin Died
He died of a massive heart attack. -
Hungary Revolt
Revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956. -
Treaty of Rome creates EEC
The Treaty of Rome, officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC), is an international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) on 1 January 1958. -
Fifth Republic in France under DeGaulle
The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, replacing the prior parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system. -
Berlin Wall Erected
During the early years of the Cold War, West Berlin was a geographical loophole through which thousands of East Germans fled to the democratic West. In response, the Communist East German authorities built a wall that totally encircled West Berlin. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
For thirteen days in October 1962 the world waited—seemingly on the brink of nuclear war—and hoped for a peaceful resolution to the Cuban Missile Crisis. -
Second Vatican Council Begins
It addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. -
Students Revolt
The protests of 1968 comprised a worldwide escalation of social conflicts, predominantly characterized by popular rebellions against military and bureaucratic elites, who responded with an escalation of political repression. -
Helsinki Accords
The Helsinki Final Act was an agreement signed by 35 nations that concluded the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Helsinki, Finland. -
John Paul II elected Pope
Was Pope of the Catholic Church. -
Soviet Union Invades Afghanistan
It was fought between Soviet-led Afghan forces against multi-national insurgent groups called the Mujahideen, mostly composed of two alliances – the Peshawar Seven and the Tehran Eight. -
Solidarity Founded in Poland
Polish trade union that in the early 1980s became the first independent labour union in a country belonging to the Soviet bloc. -
Gorbachev comes to power in the Soviet Union
Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo in 1985. -
Berlin Wall falls and collapse of communism
The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification. -
Break-up of Soviet Union
Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states. -
Maastritcht Treaty Creates EU
The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union or TEU) undertaken to integrate Europe was signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands. -
Euro Currency Introduced
The Euro is the new 'single currency' of the European Monetary Union, adopted on January 1, 1999 by 11 Member States. -
Terrorist Attack on U.S
The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States in New York City and the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people and caused at least $10 billion in property and infrastructure damage.
