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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
It was a treaty between Charles V and an alliance of royals, who were followers of Lutheranism, the Schmalkaldic League. Significant as it ended the religious conflict between Lutheranists and Catholicists. -
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King Christian IV of Denmark
A very unsuccesful leader, who was defeated twice by Sweden and did not influence his country well, but rather brought disaster during the Thirty Years' War. After it, though, he worked on making the citizens' lives and the economic state better. Important because he can be viewed in many different ways, quite a contradictory authority figure. -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Gustavus Adoplhus won againts the Habsburgs, which delayed Germany's unity. A crucial leader, as because of him German Protestantism did not vanish, despite the Counter-Reformation, which fought protecting Catholicism and attacking Protestantism. -
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Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
King between 1620-1627, as well. A significant figure as he was feared by many, because of his strength and ingenuity, which was the reason for many things to occur. -
Defenestration of Prague
Protestants hurled out of a window two nobles, which did not experience major sufferings, but the action is crucial, as it was one of the major reasons that led to the beginning of the revolt, the Thirty Years' War. -
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The Bohemian Period
Protestants threw out of a window two royal officers in May 1618 in Prague, causing the revolt's beginning. Ferdinand from the Hapsburg family became the ruler of the country, and as he supported Catholics, Calvinists were worried if that would not end their religious rights. This lead to them throwing out of a window two nobles, an event referred to as the Defenestration of Prague. The period ended with victory for Hapsburg and the Catholics. The period is important as it spread the civil war. -
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
A vital character who made an alliance with Napolleon, which granted him a monarch's crown and managed to turn Bavaria in an organized state. -
Battle of White Mountain
The Catholic forces defeated the Protestants. Important as the Habsburgs experienced a huge victory over the so called Protestant Union. -
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Philip IV of Spain
Also king of Portugal between 1621 and 1640. Significant character, who saw the Thirty Years' War as an opportunity for him to bring back the Spanish hegemony in France, as well as to get back to undertaking hostilities against his enemy, the Netherlands. -
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Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII
He was the reason France became a powerful and centralized state, even though he was not a king, but a prime minister of the king Louis XIII. Vital, as he was a powerful, good with politics, man. -
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The Danish Period
The Protestand king of Denmark Christian IV opposed Ferdinand in Saxony, but Ferdinand had help from the side of General Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, and Christian IV was defeated multiple times. So, he left Saxony and signed the Treaty of Lubeck. Ferdinand developed the Edict of Restitution, which stated that all items the Protestants had had to be returned to the Catholic Church. This period is crucial because this Edict of Restitution caused tension in Germany. -
Treaty of Lubeck
The Danish were to be no longer part of the war. Significant as it restored Denmark's pre-territory. -
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The Swedish Period
The believer in Protenstant movements Gustavus Adolphus became part of the war mainly because he though Ferdinand would become too strong. The period is vital as it is the first time that a ruler had entered a war because of a political reason. -
Battle of Lutzen
Important as Saxony was no longer threatened by Catholics, as they were defeated by the Protestants. Significant because due to Gustavus Adolphus' death, the Catholics' effort toward the war in Germany was no longer as big. -
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The French Period
The war's focus was on politics rather than religion. Cardinal Richelieu stood on the side of Protestants as he too did not want the Hapsburgs to become more powerful.The conflict centered on French Bourbons and Austrian Hapsburgs. Richelieu joined forces with Sweden and achieved numerous victories. The period is crucial as it gave Protestants hope. -
The Peace of Westphalia
Ended the Spanish-Dutch conflict, an agreement for peace. Important because it ended the Thirty Years' War. -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
Set peace between France and Spain. Vital because this war did not end with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War. -
The Treaty of Prague
The Austro-Prussian war came to an end because of this peace treaty. Crucial as it excluded the Habsburgs from all deals and events in Germany.
