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Reign of JamesVI&I in England
From 1610 to 1621, James VI & I ruled without Parliament. He was a theorist of absolute monarchy. He believed that monarchy had absolute power and that he had been chosen by God to be the ruler.
He has to deal with religious division. -
The Gunpowder Plot
The Gunpowder Plot was the conspiracy of a group of English Roman Catholics to blow up Parliament and assassinate King James I. However, this attempt failed. -
King James Bible
James VI&I was responsible for commissioning an official English translation of the Bible.
According to him, religion highly dividing and leads to civil war. -
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Puritan Emigration From England
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Reign of Charles I
Predecessor of James I, he believed in absolute monarchy and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. He was seen as a tyrannical absolute monarch. . He was married to a french catholic princess and was seen as too close to catholicism. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. -
Petition of Rights
The Petition of Right is a document that states that the Crown has no right to take money from Parliament without its consent.
This is a consequence of the tensions over power and taxation. -
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Personal Rule of Charles I
Charles I ruled without Parliament. His years of rule were also known as the “Eleven Years of Tyranny”. -
The Book of Common Prayer (for the Kirk)
CharlesI&WilliamLaud were Arminians who want to change the Kirk.
As the Church of Scotland (= the Kirk) was Presbyterian, they wanted to reform it and make the Kirk Arminian.
In order to do this, they wrote a Book of Common Prayer for the Kirk. -
The Convenant
Covenanters were members of Scottish elite and wanted the abolition of episcopacy. They were not following orders because they were 'legitimate'. In 1640, Covenanters challenged the power of the king. -
Abolition of episcopacy in the Kirk
Covenanters are members of scottish elite and wanted the abolition of episcopacy.
"for satisfaction of our People be subscribed, provided it be so conceived, that thereby our Subjects be not forced to abjure Episcopacy as a point of Popery, or contrary to God's Law, or the Protestant Religion; but if they require it to be abjured, as contrary to the Constitution of the Church of Scotland, you are to give way to it rather than to make a breach" -
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Bishop's War
Tensions were increasing between the kirk and the crown. In 1639, because bishops had more power, the crown didn’t want them at all. That lead to the Bishops War. -
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Long Parliament summoned by Charles I
Charles I summoned the Long Parliament because only the Parliament could raise the money he needed to wage the second Bishops’ War against the Scots.
"Long Parliament” = gives itself the authority to continue sitting as long as they want -
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Short Parliament summoned by Charles I
Charles I summoned the Short Parliament because only the Parliament could raise the money he needed to wage the second Bishops’ War against the Scots.
"Short Parliament" = called like that because of its short life of only three weeks. -
Treaty of Ripon
Treaty that ended the Second Bishop's War between Charles I of England and the Scots. Charles was forced to allow the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham, and to pay them £850 a day until the issue was settled. Charles was forced to summon the Long Parliament, in an attempt to resolve the issue, which eventually led to the English Civil War -
The Irish Rebellion
Ireland's population was split into three groups : Gaelic Irish (Catholic); the Old English (Catholic); and the New English (Protestant)
The Irish Rebellion of 1641 came about because of the resentment felt by them, in regards to the loss of their lands to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland.
Covenanter Army in Scotland was considering an invasion of Ireland in order to eradicate the Catholic religion. -
Grand Remonstrance
The Grand Remonstrance of the kingdom is a long set/list of grievances that the government wants to be changed. For instance monarch's abuse of power, illegal raising of taxes, religious reforms... -
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First Civil War
The First English Civil War is the first episode of the first English Revolution. It is a series of conflicts between parliamentary and royalist forces. -
Five Members
The Five Members were Members of Parliament whom King Charles I attempted to arrest on 4 January 1642. According to him, they were part of a high treason with Scots.
They were : John Hampden, Arthur Haselrig, Denzil Holles, John Pym, William Strode.
This act made the Great Civil War almost inevitable. -
Nottingham
Charles I raised his standard in Nottingham, marking the start of the civil war. -
The Cessation of Arms
Truce between The Confederation and Charles’s forces (despite opposition from Irish Catholics at Kilkenny). In exchange for contributions of money and supplies to the Royalists in England, the Confederates were allowed to keep control of all the lands they'd captured in Ireland. Charles promised to consider granting freedom of worship to Catholics and making constitutional reforms in Ireland.
The Cessation allowed gov troops stationed in Ireland to return to England to fight for the Royalists. -
New Model Army
Parliament army and designed as a fighting force -
King surrenders to the Scots
Charles surrendered to the Scottish army, who handed him over to the Parliament in 1647. -
Riot against cancellation of Christmas
During Cromwell's reign as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, Christmas was banned, replaced with a day of fasting and considering it "a popish festival with no biblical justification", and a time of wasteful and immoral behaviour. they believed Christmas was used as an excuse for drunkenness, promiscuity, gambling and other forms of excess. -
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Putney Debates
Debate between soldiers and officers of Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army, and civilian representatives known as the Levellers, about the nature of the state in England -
The Engagement
Secret negotiations between Charles I and some Scottish lords. Charles promised to impose Presbyterianism on England in exchange for aid against the rebels. -
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Second Civil War
It was a series of conflicts that divided the country at all levels of society. At the heart of the conflict were disagreements about religion, and discontent over the king's use of power and his economic policies. -
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Cromwellian Conquest of Ireland
This was the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell invaded Ireland with the New Model Army on behalf of England's Rump Parliament. -
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The Occupation of Scotland
After the execution of Charles I in 1649, the Scottish Parliament declared his son Charles II to be King of Scotland, England and Ireland. The English responded with an invasion led by Oliver Cromwell, resulting in defeats for the Scots at Dunbar and then at Worcester, opening the way for the English conquest of the country. -
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Third Civil War
The Third English Civil War or Anglo-Scottish war, was the last of the English Civil Wars (1642–1651), a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. -
Execution of Charles I
The NMA wanted Charles I to be tried and be condemned of certain crimes in order to be removed from power and replaced by one of his sons.
Charles replied that he was the king and that no court had the power to try him.
However, at that time, if you went to trial and did not agree to plead guilty or not guilty, you faced the death penalty. On 30 January 1649, by refusing to plead, he forced the court to execute him: he was beheaded. -
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Abolition of the Monarchy and the House of Lords
After the Civil War, the monarchy and the House of Lords are abolished. A week after Charles I'd death, parliament dissolves the house of lord = abolition of the monarchy -
Dissolution of Parliament by Cromwell
Cromwell finally became so frustrated that on 20 April 1653 he led an armed force into the Commons Chamber (as Charles I had done in January 1642) and forcibly dissolved the Rump, stating: " You have sat too long for any good you have been doing lately ... In the name of God, go!" -
The Instrument of Government
Constitution with a single person executive -
The Humble Petition and Advice
The intention of the Humble Petition and Advice was to offer a hereditary monarchy to Oliver Cromwell, to assert Parliament's control over new taxation, to provide an independent council to advise the king ... -
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Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector
Cromwell’s son, he took over after he dies. But it wasn't successful. -
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Reign of Charles II
Known as "the Merry Monarch," he is one of the most popular monarchs in British history. He ruled the kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1660 until his death in 1685. This is a period commonly known as the Restoration Era. -
The Declaration of Breda
Smart piece of political thinker that deals with keys issues that Charles the 2nd faced he allows the republicans to continue their life and enjoying it. Problems were :
- Changed political circumstances Parliament could no longer be ignored
- New powerful men of the Commonwealth period needed to be accommodated
- Religious tensions -
The Fall of the Commonwealth
Cromwell's son, Richard, takes over after his death. He didn't know how to control, therefore, people will control him. However, Richard didn't like being controlled, so he resigned. Charles II is then invited to take the crown.
Charles promised that those ho gets propriety and money in the commonwealth would be able to keep it enjoying the fruits of commonwealth in the new monarchy. -
The Corporation Act
After the Declaration of Breda, the Parliament passed this Act to gather it, they maintain dissenters on a sort as a set minority.
It is a law passed during the reign of Charles II of England. Its aim is to limit access to public office in the country to only members of the Church of England -
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The Great Fire of London
Catholics were often blamed for a lot of different things. For instance, this huge fire in London had the common assumption that it was because of Catholics : there was a strong and growing anti-Catholicism in England. -
The Declaration of Indulgence
The church of England was not in favor of accepting religious pluralism.Charles II wanted religious tolerance towards Protestant non-conformists and especially towards Catholics.
This declaration is therefore subject to the extension of religious tolerance. -
The Popish Plot
In 1678, Titus Oates reveals that there was a Catholic plot to assassinate Charles II and put James on the throne.
Because of the underlying anti-Catholicism this rumor took root when there was no Catholic conspiracy but many people thought there was.
As a result, 35 people were tried and executed
It was a fake “Popish Plot”. -
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Exclusion Crisis
This refer to an attempt to remove the future James II from the line of succession -
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The Personal Rule of Charles II
Charles II rules without Parliament (but with the support of the Tories). He dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 and ruled alone until his death in 1685. -
The Glorious Revolution
It was a bloodless coup in which Catholic King James II was succeeded by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband, Prince William III of Orange. Motivated by both politics and religion, the revolution led to the adoption of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and forever changed how England was governed. As the Parliament gained more control over the previously absolute authority of the royal monarchy, the seeds of modern political democracy were sown. -
The Immortal Seven's letter
Protestant English noblemen called “the Immortal Seven”. They sent a letter to William of Orange, asking him to invade England and so overthrow James.
This became a reason of The Glorious Revolution. -
Invasion of England by William of Orange
William lands in Brixham, Devon, with 20 000 soldiers. They invaded England. The reasons for this invasion is that he wishes to protect the Protestant religion as well as the "laws and liberties of England, Scotland and Ireland".
This became the event of the Glorious Revolution.