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The Black Death was passed along by rat fleas and was spread by trading routes. 75-200 million people died(50-60% of the population). After the Black Death it took about 200 years to repopulate Europe.
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The Printing Press was made by Johannes Gutenberg and the first book to be printed was the Bible in German.
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Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher and a political writer and is best known now days for "The Prince".
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Martin Luther was a Catholic monk who had issues with faith and works tied to salvation. He created the 95 thesis and posted it on the doors of the local church for everyone to know what they were doing wrong. He was excommunicated from the church and that was when Lutheranism started.
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Henry the eighth wanted a male heir and when the pope would not annul his marriages he created the Act of Supremacy.
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John Calvin converted to Protestantism at 25. He believed that the Catholic Church had fallen far fro the original Christian Church and created Predestination. Which allowed free will to choose good or evil to show good works were elect.
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Pope Paul was the one who realized the Protestantism needed to be countered and created the Council of Trent.
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The Council of Trent did a lot of things including emphasizing the teaching of doctrine to the young and all Christians, trying to clarify the doctrine and practices, but instead of unifying Christians it emphasized the differences.
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Shakespeare did English playwright, and even after 403 years his plays are still well known and performed.