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Period: 1337 to 1453
Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)
The Hundred Years' War, spanning 1337 to 1453, reshaped European politics, fostering the transition from feudalism to centralized nation-states and influencing military and governance structures. -
1400
Beginning of the renaissance
The Renaissance began at the end of the 13th century -
1420
Dante's "Divine Comedy" (1420)
Dante Alighieri's epic poem, the "Divine Comedy," not only shaped Italian literature and language through its use of the Tuscan dialect but also had a profound cultural impact, influencing Renaissance thinkers and contributing to the emergence of a unified Italian identity. -
1440
Printing Revolution (1440)
ohannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press around 1440 transformed culture by enabling the widespread dissemination of knowledge, literature, and art, contributing to the democratization of information during the Renaissance. -
Period: 1490 to 1527
High Renaissance (1490s–1527)
The High Renaissance, spanning from the 1490s to 1527, epitomized cultural brilliance with masterpieces by artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, showcasing the pinnacle of classical art ideals. -
1539
Copernican Revolution (1543)
Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric model, presented in "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" (1543), sparked the Scientific Revolution, challenging the geocentric worldview and laying the groundwork for advancements in astronomy and physics during the Renaissance. -
Period: to
Age of Exploration (15th to 17th century)
The Age of Exploration, from the 15th to 17th centuries, marked a transformative period with maritime expeditions, contributing to economic shifts through global trade, the rise of mercantilism, and cultural exchanges that shaped societies across continents. -
Political Event: The Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia, ending the devastating Thirty Years' War, established key principles such as state sovereignty and religious tolerance, laying the foundation for the modern state system and international law. -
End of renaissance
The Renaissance came to an end at the end of the 16th century. -
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Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution, occurring in the 16th to 17th centuries, marked a transformative period with figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton challenging medieval views, establishing the groundwork for modern scientific inquiry.