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1300
Life in the Renaissance: Food
Food was not extravagant and fancy for all likes in the Renaissance. The most that peasants would get for meals would be soup or mush made from vegetables or grains, with very little meat in their diets. A common food item to peasants was black bread, a low quality bread. Nobles would have large feasts with numerous courses, dishes such as soup would be flavored with exotic spices. Dessert was called the fruit course, containing fruits, nuts, and cheeses.
Citation: Life During Renaissance Notes -
1300
Life in the Renaissance: Daily Life
The Renaissance had about three classes. There was the nobility, that made up 2%-3% of the population. They served the king in politics or as his advisors. It was believed that nobles were made and not born, held to the perfect standard for everything. Townspeople made up 7-13% of the population and were mainly composed of skilled workers. However, part of the townspeople were unemployed. Peasants made up 85-90% of the population, working farmland for poor wages.
(Life during Renaissance PPT) -
1300
Life in the Renaissance: Education
Education focused on reading, writing, and math with all topics centered around religion. Education was only given to upper-middle class boys, but the occasional poor student was permitted if they were talented. Boys could be sent to small schools with other boys of the same social class or they could opt for a tutor that focused on grammar and arithmetic. As boys got older, some would get jobs as apprentices and some would go to university.
Citation: Daily Life in the Renaissance PPT -
1300
The Catholic Church: Corruption
The Catholic Church was corrupt pre-reformation. They would raise money through either simony or indulgences, a not very honest way to raise money. Simony was when the Church would sell positions inside the hierarchy to those who would pay. Indulgences, however, were slips of paper that would be sold to commonpeople looking to go straight to heaven. They could either pay to send a soul to heaven from purgatory, or pay to go straight to heaven when they died.
Citation: Protestant Reformation PPT -
1301
The Catholic Church: Papal Schism
In 1301, the king tried to tax the French clergy. The pope tried to excommunicate the king for taxing them, being arrested in the process. He was later released. The next pope, Clement V, moved the Church headquarters from Rome (where it always had been) to Avignon, France. Due to the pope moving the headquarters, many people felt that the French kings controlled the Church.
Citation: Protestant Reformation PPT -
1301
Inventions: Blast Furnace
First introduced to the western world in the 14th century, the blast furnace was used to melt down metal ores and make them liquid. The furnace would be set to 200 degrees and the process would take 6-8 hours. This furnace would be used for forming metal weapons and other metal items of use.
Citations: https://www.canva.com/design/DADOsIhCBnk/bzAUN9Rg9jWTAmZEFwGyNw/view?utm_content=DADOsIhCBnk&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=sharebutton -
1377
The Catholic Church: Electing Three Popes
After Clement V moved the headquarters to Avignon, the next six popes lived there. Pope Gregory then moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377. When Gregory died, the French Cardinals elected a new pope in Avignon because they did not like the one in Rome. Later, a church council elected a third pope.
Citation: Protestant Reformation PPT -
1401
Inventions: Oil Paints
Although evidence of oil paints is seen back to the 5th century, Jan Van Eyck was credited with perfecting the technique in the 15th century. Painters began mixing pigments with walnut or linseed oil to make oil paints. Oil paints were useful because they had a very slow dry time, allowing artists to really perfect what they were working on. The luminosity and plasticity of oil paints greatly improved the effects of realism in a painting.
Citation: https://www.smore.com/gq5eu -
Period: 1434 to
Patrons of the Arts: The Medici Family
The Medici family gained wealth and power through the banking industry. The Medici family was also a large patron of the arts, whether that be supporting them financially to do their best work or having the artists commision them.
Citation: https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/medici-family -
1452
Renaissance Artist: Leonardo Da Vinci
Born in 1452 and died in 1519, Leonardo Da Vinci's legacy did not die with him. He was a painter, sculptor, architect and engineer. Among his most famous works were "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa". Leonardo's notebooks contain scientific topics and inventions that were centuries ahead of his time. Leonardo didn't only have great engineering capabilities, his paintings were also recognized as great due to the techiques he used.
Citation:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci -
1466
Patrons of the Arts: Galeazzo Maria Sforza
Galeazzo was a member of the Sforza family, a family that ruled Milan for nearly a century. Galeazzo was known as a capable ruler that was interested in agriculture, irrigation, and of course a patron for many types of artists. These artists would typically specialize in painting, music, and poetry. Galeazzo was assassinated during Christmas festivities. (In power 1466 until his death in 1476.)
Citation: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sforza-family -
1470
Renaissance Art: Portrait of a Young Girl
Created by Petrus Christus around 1470 near the end of his life, this painting was unique in many different manners. The concrete subliminal background in the painting brought out the subject on the oak wood immensly more than a bold background. The rosy cheeks and lips of her brought life to her face, but her dark eyes intelligently echoed the background behind her.
Citation: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/portrait-of-a-young-woman/UAGsuoFcmmRiTg -
1475
Renaissance Artist: Michelangelo
Michelangelo, born in 1475 and died in 1564, was considered one of the greatest Renaissance Men to ever exist. He was proficient in sculpting, painting, architecture, and poetry. The ceiling of the Sistene Chapel is likely his most famous work, due to the unlikelyhood of the contents. He depicted Bible scenes on the ceiling, but was slightly rebellious in the fact of having naked men and women in the paintings.
Citation: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michelangelo#ref16622 -
1475
Scientific Discoveries: Human Anatomy
Michelangelo knew more about anatomy than most anyone did during his time. This can be seen in his painting "The Creation of Man" where God seems to be sitting in a brain. Michelangelo had an early interest in disection, participating in public disections in his early teens. By age 18, he was performing his own disections. His knowledge of anatomy was so vast that many other aspiring artists took reference in his work.
Citation: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085253815468516 -
1501
Renaissance Art: Statue of David
Started in 1501 and finished in 1504, the Statue of David is one of the most recognized marble sculptures. Created by Renaissance artist Michelangelo, the work can still be seen in a museum called Accademia Gallery in Florence. The statue is almost 17 feet tall, weighing about 12,478 lbs. David is included in a biblical story of him outsmarting a Goliath by using a slingshot.
Citation: http://www.accademia.org/explore-museum/artworks/michelangelos-david/facts-about-david/ -
1501
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation: Lutheranism
(Lutheranism was founded 16th century so I put 1501). Luther's criticizing of the Church soon landed him many followers. His supporters then started organizing a new Christian denomination, Lutheran. Lutherans and Catholics fought each other, the fighting leading on to the mid-seventeenth century. Lutherans disagree with the teachings of the Catholic Church, rejecting the clergy. They believed that reading the bible for yourself was key, not others for you.
Citation: Protestant Reformation PPT -
1503
Renaissance Art: Mona Lisa
The Mona Lisa, a famous oil painting, was created by the famous artist and "Renaissance Man" Leonardo Da Vinci. The identity of the woman in the painting has not been completely determined, but there has been many speculations. To many, this painting of a woman and landscape is simple. In truth, it is famous because it depicted Leonardo's vision of harmony, linked to Leonardo's belief in connection with man and nature.
Citation: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mona-Lisa-painting -
1517
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation: Luther's Reforms
Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church. He did not believe in indulgences and thought they were a scam. He wanted to begin a discussion with the Church about what Christianity is really about, but was obviously not permitted. Martin nailed his Ninety-Five Thesis to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral for everyone to read. Martin said that the Bible is the only truth, you have to understand it for yourself and believe in Christ to reach salvation.
Citation: Protestant Reformation PPT -
1521
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation: Excommunication
Pope Leo X demanded that Martin Luther recant 41 out of his 95 Theses. Luther did not see this as being forced to recant, he saw it as an oppurtunity to have a discussion about the corruption of the Church. The pope did not want to have this discussion and brought him before the Diet of Worms to publicly recant the Theses. Martin Luther did not recant his works and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church in 1521
Citation: Protestant Reformation PPT -
1543
Scientific Discoveries: The Heliocentric Solar System
The earth was belived to be the center of our solar system during the Renaissance and before. However, Nicolaus Copernicus developed a model where the sun was at the center and the planets in the gravitational pull revolved around it. Nicolaus published his ideas first in 1543.
Citation: https://www.britannica.com/science/heliocentric-system -
Inventions: Flush Toilet
Sir John Harrington is credited with inventing the first flush toilet. This version of the toilet was a pan with an opening at the bottom, sealed with leather. The toilet is a system of pipes, weights, levers and handles to pour water in the pan and open the hole at the bottom. The toilet was usually emptied from a second floor window into the street.
Citations: https://www.smore.com/7p8d1-the-flush-toilet -
Literary Works: Romeo and Juliet
This tragedy was created by William Shakespeare, one of many. However, this is arguably Shakespeare's most famous work. This play is about two families, the Capulets and Montagues, who despise each other. However, their children fall in love. In the end, they both end up killing themselves due to thinking the other is dead. This tragedy gained tons of fame and is still read plenty today.
Citation: https://www.folger.edu/romeo-and-juliet -
Literary Works: Julius Caesar
First performed in 1599, William Shakespeare captures the moments leading up to and the conclusion of Julius Caesar's murder and betrayal by his friend Brutus. Julius was a Roman General that took on political turmoil in the English royal succession. He was betrayed by his friend Brutus and stabbed by many people.
Citation: https://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/juliuscaesar/ -
Literary Works: Macbeth
This play was a tragedy created by William Shakespeare, as most of his works were. This play was said to have been first performed in 1606, and was very popular. Since, Macbeth has been an instant classic in the literary world. Macbeth is a story about a thane who is driven to murder and insanity due to his desire for wealth and power. -
Scientific Discoveries: Gravity
Sir Isaac Newton is most credited with the discovery of gravity. The legend states that Newton saw an apple fall from a tree when he began to question the physics of it all. Newton published many things, but his most regarded was a book titled "Principia." In here he concluded his scientific works and his three laws of motion.
Citation: https://www.livescience.com/20296-isaac-newton.html
