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They limit the freedom of the peasantry, thereby beginning the destruction of the economic base of Byzantine civilization. -
Feudalism arrived to England .The defeat of the Anglo-Saxon King Harold at the battle of Hastings by William the Conqueror of Normandy led to a full-scale invasion. England was then ruled by William and his barons, and a feudal system was imposed upon the country. -
The crusaders of the First Crusade capture Jerusalem, killing its Muslim inhabitants. The Crusaders divide their new territories into four principalities. -
Frederick I of Germany entitles his realm the "Holy Roman Empire," in an attempt to bring prestige back to the German throne. -
Muslims recapture Jerusalem, and the Third Crusade is ordered. It is led by German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, French King Philip Augustus and English King Richard the Lionhearted. It is not successful. -
Rules for 10 years only present in the country a total of six months. His rule exemplifes the strength of the governmental foundations set up by Henry II. During Richard's absence, ministers take care of administration and help to raise taxes for the support of the crusades. -
The sack of Constantinople causes a firm Byzantine hatred of the West. King John of England loses Normandy and the surrounding area to the French king, Philip Augustus. -
The Magna Carta Libertatum, or the Great Charter of Liberties of England was originally issued in 1215 AD. This charter is considered to be the first step towards the constitutional government of England. The Charter of Magna Carta restricted the power of the Emperor and proved the importance of a Constitution. -
Causes Ruckess and economic destruction in western Europe. Kills 1/3 of the population. -
expel all Jews from Spain and seek overseas expansion (for example, as patrons of Christopher Columbus). The flow of American gold and silver through Spain, the conquest of Mexico and Peru and superiority on the battlefield make Spain the most powerful state in Europe.