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Supervision in Public Education
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The Formation of the Common School
With the formation of the common school, superintendents passed on the task of superivising the curriculum and instruction of teachers to the school's principal. (Boston, 1830, Temple School) -
Horace Mann and the First Board of Education
Horace Mann Biography
The first Board of Education was established in 1837 in Massachusetts, where Horace Mann served as Secretary. He later developed Mann's Six Principles of Education. -
Scientific Evaluation of Teachers
Supervision of Instruction
" European educators such as Friedrich Froebel, Johann Pestalozzi, and Johann Herbart, as well as American philosopher John Dewey, created a more scientific approach to evaluating teachers on student-centered and experienced-based learning. -
Franklin Bobbitt
Bobbitt developed 11 principles of scientific management of schools -
John Dewey: Democratic Supervision
Democratic supervision implied that teachers, curriculum specialists, and supervisors would collaborate in an effort to improve instruction. -
Romiett Stevens
Created the first systematic system of recording classroom observastions with his stenographic reports. -
Clinical Supervision: Harvard University
Educaional Leadership: 1978 Harvard Professor Morris L. Cogan discovered clinical supervision, a face-to-face approach to evaluating teachers. This approach involved educational coachcing, planning and a flexible, inquiry-based learning style. -
Robert Goldhammer's approach to Clinical Supervision
Supervision of InstructionRobert Goldhammer proposed a five-step approach to clinical supervision of curriculum and instruction including a pre-observation, a classroom observation, a supervisor's analysis, a post-observation conferences and an analysis of the post-observation conference. -
Madeline Hunter: The Teacher Decision-Making Model
Madeline Hunter Biography Educator Madeline Hunter colonized the clinical supervision philosphy by creating a model for effective teaching that includes creating objectives for learning and evaluating student learning patterns. -
Standards-based Reform
"The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics developed national standards for what every student should know and be able to do" (Sorenson, Goldsmith, & Mendez, 2011, "Chapter 1, Defining Cultural Leadership"). -
The Summative Evaluation: A Supervisory System
Supervision of Instruction Thomas Sergiovanni and Robert Starratt suggested a supervisory system where supervisors cycle teachers with professional status through a three-to five-year period, during which they would receive a formal evaluation once and a variety of other evaluative processes during the other years. -
The "No Child Left Behind" Act
President George W. Bush passed the "No Child Left Behind" Act in an effort to raise student achievement.
