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Nikita Khrushchev: Legacy
Nikita Khrushchev was born on April 15,1894,in Kalinovka, small Russian village near the Ukrainian order.Khrushchev became Premier of the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin's death in 1953.In a 1956 "secret speech,"he discussed Stalin's crimes for the first time, starting a process called "de-Stalinization."his brand of "Reform Communism,"though also known to have an abrasive persona.Khrushchev was one of the primary players in the Cuban Missile Crisis and oversaw the building of the Berlin Wall. -
Ascendency of Lyndon Johnson: Unity of a Nation
After President JFK was assassinated,Lyndon B.Johnson became the 36th president of the U.S in November 1963 swearing into office.Johnson launched an ambitious slate of progressive reforms aimed at creating a “Great Society” for Americans. Many of the programs he championed—Medicare,Head Start, the Voting Rights Act & the Civil Rights Act—had a profound & lasting impact in health,education & civil rights.Despite his achievements,he failed to lead the nation out of the quagmire of the Vietnam War. -
Joseph McCarthy
Throughout the Cold war,the U.S fell into a paranoid state of mind because Communism became the threat of the decade against Capitalism.This created tension amongst the Capitalists country & it brought urgent containment of communism.Joseph McCarthy,a former U.S Senator from the state of Wisconsin,was the face of the 2nd red scare in the 1950s.Stating he had a list of communist he stirred a nationwide conflict,until going far as attacking the Military McCarthy,lost all reputation and respect. -
The Great Rosa Parks
During the Civil Rights movement,public figures led their people to peaceful protest in the south.There were female figures that stood up to lead the fight for change,for instance,Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery,Alabama,city bus in 1955.This helped initiate the civil rights movement by an organized bus boycott that began the day she was convicted of violating the segregation laws;national symbol of dignity&strength in the struggle to end racial segregation. -
Martin Luther King Jr's Civil Rights Beginning
The Civil Rights Movement was the fight against the struggle & oppression of the racial segregational laws that have been around after the Reconstruction Era of the U.S. Leaders in the movement, impacted the history of America in liberty such as, Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister & activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Most recognized by his " I have a Dream Speech", nonviolence protests. -
Ike Turner
R&B legend Ike Turner was born on November 5,1931,in Clarksdal,Mississippi,& grew up playing the blues.In 1956,he met a teenager and singer named Anna Mae Bullock.He married her & helped create her stage persona,Tina Turner.The two became the Ike & Tina Turner Revue and created several R&B hits, including "I Idolize You," "It's Going to Work Out Fine" and "Poor Fool."Their last hit together was "Nutbush City Limits." Turner died of a cocaine overdose on December 12,2007,in San Marcos,California. -
Rock 'n' Roll: Elvis Presley
During the 1950s, America experienced a boom in economic development, consumer life, cultural expression & was filled with opportunities that favored whites. The 1950s was an era of the counterculture that rebelled against traditional values and was later expressed in music such as, Rock 'n' Roll. Elvis Presley is,simply, the King of Rock & Roll. In 1954, the performer kicked off a musical revolution by modernizing traditional genres such as blues, country & bluegrass for Babyboomer audiences. -
The Beat Generation
in the 1950s,the culture was rather divided into conservatives & liberals point of views.The counterculture consisted of Babyboomers,hippies & essentially "The Beat Generation."The Beat Generation was similarly connected to Hippies, but mostly Babyboomers & they rejected middle-class values, material possession.The use of LSD & Heroin was expanded to spread their inner value source and lived separately from their community. they had the concept of love & freedom expression to a distinct horizon. -
The G.I Bill
Officially the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, the G.I. Bill was created to help veterans of WWII. It established hospitals, low-interest mortgages available & granted stipends covering tuition & expenses for veterans attending college/trade schools.From 1944 -1949, nearly 9 million veterans received close to $4 billion from the bill’s unemployment compensation program.The education & training provisions existed til 1956, while the Veterans’ Administration offered insured loans til 1962. -
The 38th Parallel Established Border
After the outbreak of the Korean War between North &South Korea in June 1950,United Nations forces,which under U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur had come to the aid of the South, moved north of the 38th parallel in an attempt to occupy North Korea.The Korean war is known as the " Forgotten War" because it never really ended,the war consisted of containing the spread of communism to capitalist countries such as South Korea.The Korean nations were split in the 38th parallel,keeping a divided govenrment. -
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Contemporary Era
American history, hold discoveries of cultures, technology innovation, embrace of individuality, racial protesting, & the economic processes have shaped the United States politically, environmentally, & globally. As events such as the civil rights movement, entertainment, technology, feminism, immigration have taken place, it continues to walk beside us on a daily basis. The events & issues that have struggled to be heard have been the voices of unwanted repeated pathways into modernization. -
Atomic Bomb: Trinity Test
At the time World War II broke out in Europe, America’s scientific community was fighting to catch up to German advances in the development of atomic power. In the early 1940s, the U.S. government authorized a top-secret program of nuclear testing and development, codenamed “The Manhattan Project.” Its goal was the development of the world’s first atomic bomb. In July 1945, Los Alamos scientists successfully exploded the first atomic bomb at the Trinity test site, located in nearby Alamogordo. -
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The Coldwar
Throughout WW2, Germany fought diligently to gain its reputation for strength, dignity & pride.However, it began to crumble when the U.S industrial manufacturing power, strategies & backup fought w/ the Allies. After Germany & Japan's defeat, the rise of government ideal wars shaped the era, The Coldwar. Russia's Communist nation influenced powerful nations like China & went against the U.S Capitalist country bringing an era of competition, nuclear weapons, the space race and paranoid societies. -
The Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan,European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. The Marshall Plan successfully sparked economic recovery, meeting its objective of ‘restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole.The Plan was intended to improve the economic situations of the countries of Western Europe and, at the same time, to discourage them from embracing communism. -
The Fair Deal
An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage,housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.It was an ambitious set of proposals put forward & it more generally the term characterizes the entire domestic agenda of the Truman administration,from 1945-1953.all Americans be guaranteed equal rights under his campaign even in the midst of racial discrimination. -
The Second Red Scare
The second Red Scare refers to the fear of communism that permeated American politics,culture,& society from the late 1940s through the 1950s,during the opening phases of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Though many people only remember the Second Red Scare & not the first one,it lasted a decade full of paranoia, accusations & communism containment. However,the rise of McCarthyism intensified the fear of communism in the U.S w/ false lists of communist spies acquiring secrets to beat the U.S. -
MacArthur's Strategy of Nuclear Intervention
Truman thought it nothing less than “rank insubordination,” and five days later he delivered the shocking news to the American people that he had relieved MacArthur of his command and replaced him with General Matthew Ridgway.MacArthur, however, publicly advocated the more expansive use of American military power, including the bombing of China, & possible use of nuclear weapons to win the war. Neverthless, Truman wanted to avoid such risk that can lead to severe destruction & global conflicts. -
1950's Rock 'N' Roll Era
In the 1950s, the era originated its significance from cultural symbolism & liberal expression. Most of the decade favored whites in particular because of the economic boom, employment, housing & consumerism. One thing, however, challenged the traditional norm with an expressionism that symbolized" Sexual intercourse," Rock 'N' Roll.genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the U.S from African American musical styles such as gospel,jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, & rhythm & blues. -
1950's: Television
One of the most popular products in the 1950s was the TV.At the start of the decade, there were about 3 million TV owners & just Like radio before it, the spread of TV had a huge cultural impact. Beginning with the 1948 campaign, it made itself felt in U.S.politics. One wonderful effect was that it made speeches shorter.As mentioned before, the 1950's cultural change & liberal expression challenged traditional value that were filmed in family shows such as, " I Love Lucy" & " Father Knows Best." -
The 1950's: News
The 1950s led a culture into distinctive issues w/ civil rights,counterculture,drugs but it also had its prospering decade of economy & innovation.Few technologies have stirred the utopian imagination like television.Virtually from the moment that research produced the first breakthroughs that made it more than a science fiction fantasy,Sarnoff who had recognized the potential of “wireless” as a form of broadcasting created NBC into a juggernaut network. Making the 50s,the beginning of TV News. -
1950's: Politics ( Nixon & Kennedy)
In 1960,JFK & Richard Nixon squared off in the 1st televised presidential debates in American history.The Kennedy-Nixon debates not only had a major impact on the election’s outcome,but ushered in a new era in which crafting a public image & taking advantage of media exposure became essential ingredients of a successful political campaign.Though, many believe that Nixon won through the radio,Kennedy won on TV,which captivated many Americans,& continued to be central role for democratic process. -
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The 1950s Era in America
After the Great depression of 1930s & the struggling decade of redefining its destruction in the 1940s , the 50s have been shaped by its counterculture, economic boom, consumerism & political movements that changed our course of society. Also as the eager rivalry against the communism government of the Soviet Union challenged America's capitalist government, the decade was full of space races to dominance. Though the 1950s was an era of great life, it was most in favored towards white people. -
North Korea Invasion to South Korea
On June 25,1950,the cold war turned hot. Soviet-supported North Korean leader Kim Il Sung launched an invasion of South Korea in an attempt to reunify the peninsula under Communism.President Harry Truman interpreted the invasion as an attempt by Moscow to expand its domain and test Western resolve.He committed American troops and rallied support in the United Nations (UN), establishing a coalition of sixteen nations to defend South Korea and contain Communist expansion back to the 38th parallel. -
The Korean War: The Forgotten War
the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel,the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north & the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south.By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea’s behalf.After some early back-and-forth across the 38th parallel,the fighting stalled and casualties mounted w/ nothing to show for them.coming to an end in 1953 unsettled & forgotten. -
Cold War: Atomic and Hydrogen Weapons
This event ends America's monopoly of atomic weaponry & launches the Cold War.In the 1950's,The Arms Race became the focus of the Cold War.America tested the first Hydrogen bomb in 1952,beating the Russians in the creation of the "Super Bomb".It is the largest nuclear device ever exploded. The creation of this weaponry was a journey of a rivalry of communism & capitalist governments. However,in making these weapons,Hydrogen was by the farthest more powerful but the radiation affected ecosystems. -
The Earl Warren Supreme Court
Earl Warren was a prominent leader of American politics & law.After failing to claim the Republican nomination for the presidency,he was appointed the 14th chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1953.The landmark case of his tenure was Brown v. Board of Education,in which the Court unanimously determined the segregation of schools to be unconstitutional.In addition to racial & political equality,the Warren Court sought equality in criminal justice.Making it the most liberal court in America. -
The Polio Vaccine
After President FDR's administration revealed his illness of polio,the awareness & need of treatment became prominent in the 1950s.On March 26,1953,American medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk announces on a national radio show that he has successfully tested a vaccine against poliomyelitis, the virus that causes the crippling disease of polio.Eventually,to eradicate the disease,known as “infant paralysis mainly affecting children,Dr. Salk was celebrated as the great doctor-benefactor of his time. -
The Brown v. Board of Education
Brownv.Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.Brownv.Board of Education was one stepping stone for civil rights movement & helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education & other services were not,in fact,equal at all. Allowing African Americans to attend white schools,but the South's racial discrimination resisted this law w/violence. -
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The Civil Rights Era
The civil rights movements were a struggle by African Americans in the mid-1950s to late 1960s to achieve Civil Rights equal to those of whites, including equal opportunity in employment, housing, and education, as well as the right to vote, the right of equal access to public facilities, and the right to be free of racial discrimination. This era reflects the agonizing hate over the discrimination, and the tireless years of constant oppression under the nation of liberty & embrace of expression -
Entertainment: Oprah Winfrey
Oprah G. Winfrey was born to Vernita Lee & Vernon Winfrey on an isolated farm in Kosciusko,Mississippi,on Jan 29,1954.Oprah Winfrey created the best well-known talk show which speaks on related issues & trends of the day. Also being the richest black women on earth,Winfrey has innovated communication & entertainment into a productive system of education,real-life & her own life inspires many to strive for the impossible to become successful;Emotional intelligence boosts her humanistic qualities. -
The Space Race of Dominance
During the Cold War,the rivalry between Communist & capitalist governments rose from nuclear dominance to Space technology,innovation,advancement & leadership among them. The Space Race Began in 1957 with the U.S. & the Soviet Union being locked into the Cold War.The Soviet Union launched the world's first satellite,Sputnik. Fearful of Soviet military control of space,the Americans quickly ready a rocket in attempts to dominate the race to powerful.President Kennedy stirred the race to the Moon. -
The Emmett Till Tragedy
While visiting family in Money, Mississippi,14-year-old Emmett Till, an African American from Chicago,is brutally murdered for allegedly "flirting" w/ a white woman. Roy Bryant heard how Emmett had allegedly spoken to his wife. The pair demanded to see the boy. Despite pleas from Wright,they forced Emmett into their car. Three days later,his corpse was recovered but was so disfigured that Mose Wright could only identify it by an initialed ring. His death stirred riots of rage over racism & hate. -
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil-rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama,to protest segregated seating.Demonstration against segregation. Four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman,was arrested & fined for refusing to yield her bus seat to a white man.The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system, & Martin Luther King, Jr.,emerged as a prominent leader of the movements. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1957
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 began a new era in civil rights legislation & enforcement after more than three-quarters of a century of congressional inaction. The act initiated a greater federal role in protecting the rights of African Americans & other minorities. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 did not create new rights, but it increased protection of voting rights & laid the foundation for federal enforcement of civil rights law by creating the Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice. -
The Little Rock 9
The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in Sept 1957. Their attendance at the school was a test of Brown v. Board of Education,a landmark 1954 Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional. On Sept 4, 1957, the first day of classes at Central High, Governor Orval Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block the black students’ entry into the high school. -
1960's: The New Frontier
The term New Frontier was used by liberal Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 U.S presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him.The phrase developed into a label for his administration's domestic & foreign programs.It was the "new" liberal & civil rights ideas that shaped the nation,in contrast to Eisenhower's conservative views. -
The Anti-War Movements
The movement against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began small–among peace activists & leftist intellectuals on college campuses–but gained national prominence in 1965,after the U.S began bombing North Vietnam in earnest.Anti-war marches & other protests, such as the ones organized by Students for a Democratic Society, attracted a widening base of support over the next three years, peaking in early 1968 after the successful Tet Offensive by North Vietnamese troops proved that war’s end. -
Counter Culture: Hippies
The counterculture that developed during the 1960s was an alternative lifestyle chosen by individuals who would eventually become known as hippies, freaks or long hairs. Members of the counterculture held convictions similar to that of the New Left movement in that they wanted to overhaul domestic policy within the United States.Hippies were generally dissatisfied with the consensus culture that had developed after the Second World War and wanted to distance themselves from American society. -
The LSD Popularity
LSD,also known in the 1960s by its slang name,“acid,”became something of a revolutionary,counter-cultural substance in that period.The counterculture's Hippies &liberals rejected the traditional formalities of conformity.Their freedom of expression was a principle in their everyday lifestyles,& that included the exploration of drug substances,sexual liberation & individuality.It was a decade of social revolution full of historical movements,new technology,& popular culture that altered the arts. -
Feminism: Decade of Change for Women
Its believed that the Feminist movements were the change & revolution for the future,however,this belief soon came to a pause as the once a firing fight dimmed its way into conformity.Feminism in the 1960s was part of second-wave feminism,which lasted until the 1980s. Women strived for equal pay as they seek work outside of their home,reproductive rights that would allow them to uphold the ability to control their decisions,desires,bodies & freedom.Seeking to squash the objectification of women. -
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The 1960s era in America
At the beginning of the 1960s, many Americans believed they were standing at the dawn of a golden age. On January 20, 1961, the handsome and charismatic John F. Kennedy became president of the United States. His confidence that, as one historian put it, “the government possessed big answers to big problems” seemed to set the tone for the rest of the decade. However, that golden age never materialized. On the contrary, by the end of the 1960s it seemed that the nation was falling apart. -
The Race to the Moon: Apollo 11
On July 20, 1969, American astronauts Neil Armstrong & Edwin Aldrin became the first humans ever to land on the moon. About six-&-a-half hours later,Armstrong became the 1st person to walk on the moon. As he set took his first step,The Apollo 11 mission occurred eight years after President JFK announced a national goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s. Apollo 17, the final manned moon mission. This was driven w/ the intent to dominant the space race against the soviet Union. -
The Peace Corps
On March 1, 1961, President John F. Kennedy issues Executive Order #10924, establishing the Peace Corps as a new agency within the Department of State. Congress gave permanent funding for the agency,which would send trained American men & women to foreign nations to assist in development efforts.After March 1,1000s of young Americans answered by volunteering for the Peace Corps. The agency,which was headed by R. Sargent Shriver,eventually chose some 750 volunteers to serve in 13 nations in 1961. -
The Freedom Rides
Freedom Riders were groups of white & African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides,bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals.Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms & lunch counters at bus stations in Alabama,South Carolina & other Southern states.The groups were confronted by arresting police officers,w/ horrific violence from white protestors along their routes,but also drew international attention to their cause. -
The one and only "I Have a Dream" speech
The “I Have a Dream” speech, delivered by Martin Luther King, Jr. before a crowd of some 250,000 people at the 1963 March on Washington,remains one of the most famous speeches in history. Weaving in references to the country’s Founding Fathers & the Bible, King used universal themes to depict the struggles of African Americans,before closing with an improvised riff on his dreams of equality.The speech was recognized as a highlight of the successful protest,& signatures the civil rights movement. -
The Assassination of JFK
By the fall of 1963,President John F. Kennedy & his political advisers were preparing for the next presidential campaign.Although he had not formally announced his candidacy,it was clear that President Kennedy was going to run & he seemed confident about his chances for re-election.Shortly after noon on November 22,1963,President John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he rode in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas,Texas. As a result,the gunshots wounded Kennedy & Governor Connelly. -
The Great Society
The Great Society was an ambitious series of policy initiatives, legislation and programs spearheaded by President Lyndon B. Johnson with the main goals of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality and improving the environment. In May 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson laid out his agenda for a “Great Society” during a speech at the University of Michigan. With his eye on re-election that year, Johnson set in motion his Great Society, the largest social reform plan in modern history. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964,which ended segregation in public places & banned employment discrimination on the basis of race,color,religion,sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.First proposed by President JFK,it survived strong opposition from southern members of Congress and was then signed into law by Kennedy’s successor,LBJ. In subsequent years,Congress expanded the act & passed additional civil rights legislation. -
The Unforgettable "Selma March"
The Selma to Montgomery march was part of a series of civil-rights protests that occurred in 1965 in Alabama,a Southern state with deeply entrenched racist policies.In March of that year,in an effort to register black voters in the South,protesters marching the 54-mile route from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were confronted with deadly violence from local authorities & white vigilante groups.The historic march,& Martin Luther King,Jr.’s participation in it,raised awareness of rights. -
Nixon's Presidency
Richard Nixon,the 37th U.S. president,is best remembered as the only president ever to resign from office.Nixon stepped down in 1974,halfway through his second term,rather than face impeachment over his efforts to cover up illegal activities by members of his administration in the Watergate scandal.As president,Nixon’s achievements included forging diplomatic ties with China and the Soviet Union,& withdrawing U.S. troops from an unpopular war in Vietnam.However,the scandal ruined his reputation. -
The 1970s STAGFLATION!
The word stagflation didn't even exist until the 1970s.the United States experienced what's known as the "Post-War Boom." Gross annual products in Western nations grew by an average of 5 percent annually, fueling a slow but steady rise in prices.The stagflation in 1970s increased the unemployment in USA due to stagnant business activity & persistent inflation rate. The residents of U.S started expecting continuous increase in the prices of goods & service and as a consequence they bought more. -
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The 1970s era in America
The 1970s were a tumultuous time. In some ways, the decade was a continuation of the 1960s. Women, African Americans, Native Americans, gays and lesbians and other marginalized people continued their fight for equality, and many Americans joined the protest against the ongoing war in Vietnam. In other ways, however, the decade was a repudiation of the 1960s. A “New Right” mobilized in defense of political conservatism and traditional family roles, and transformed the United States society. -
The Environmental Protection Agency: EPA
The U.S Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the federal government of the U.S which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.The EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the Administrator is normally given cabinet rank. Under President Obama, the EPA began to impose regulations of carbon emissions from cars and power plants; including other industries who contributed to climate change. -
The Watergate Hotel: United States vs. Nixon's Scandal
The Watergate scandal began June 17,1972, when several burglars were arrested in the office of the Democratic National Committee,located in the Watergate complex of buildings. The prowlers were connected to President Richard Nixon’s reelection campaign, & they had been caught wiretapping phones & stealing documents. Aug 1974, after his role in the conspiracy was revealed, Nixon resigned. changing American politics forever, leading many Americans to question their leaders & think more critically. -
1970s Title IX
The U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights enforces, among other statutes, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.Title IX protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities that receive Federal financial assistance.Title IX applies to institutions that receive federal financial assistance from ED, including state & local educational agencies.Educational programs & activities that receive ED funds must operate in a nondiscriminatory manner. -
The Endangered Species Act
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The Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative public policy think tank based in Washington,D.C. The foundation took a leading role in the conservative movement during the presidency of Ronald Reagan,whose policies were taken from Heritage's policy study Mandate for Leadership.Heritage has since continued to have a significant influence in U.S.public policy making,& is considered to be one of the most influential conservative research organizations in the U.S,fighting against liberal views. -
OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
The purpose of OPEC for members is to coordinate &unify the petroleum policies of its Member Countries &ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient,economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers,a steady income to producers & a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.Member countries monitor the market &decide collectively to raise or lower oil production in order to maintain stable prices& supply,consisting of 12 major oil nations. -
The Unexpected Presidency of Gerald Ford
America’s 38th president,Gerald Ford took office on August 9,1974, following the resignation of President Richard Nixon,who left the White House in disgrace over the Watergate scandal. Ford became the first unelected president in the nation’s history.A longtime Republican congressman from Michigan,Ford had been appointed vice president less than a year earlier by President Nixon.He is credited with helping to restore public confidence in government after the disillusionment of the Watergate era. -
The Panama Canal Tready of 1977
President Jimmy Carter & Panamanian dictator Omar Torrijos sign a treaty agreeing to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the U.S to Panama at the end of the 20th ce. Authorizing the immediate abolishment of the Canal Zone,U.S.-controlled area that bisected the Republic of Panama.Many in Congress opposed giving up control since it symbolized U.S. power & technological prowess.America’s colonial administration of the strategic waterway had long irritated Panamanians & other Latin Americans. -
The Discount Retailing: Rising 80s
The 80s were defined in many ways by materialism & consumerism after The Great Depression in the 1930’s.President Ronald Reagan held office for 8 years & many his conservative policies were an integral part of the social,economic,& political landscapes.The rise of technology innovation, fashion,music led to discount industries that delivered all of the needs & trends.Following Costco,Walmart opened its own membership club concept in the form of Sam’s Club,named after Walmart founder Sam Walton. -
The Entertainment Age of the 1980s
In response, many Americans embraced a new conservatism in social, economic and political life during the 1980s,characterized by the policies of President Ronald Reagan. Often remembered for its materialism and consumerism, the decade also saw the rise of the “yuppie,” an explosion of blockbuster movies and the emergence of cable networks like MTV, which introduced the music video and launched the careers of many iconic artists. Embracing cultural lifestyles, fashion, technology & entertainment. -
Rap Music in the 80s
Hip Hop/Rap music originated in African American communities in NYC in the 1970s &became more mainstream & part of popular culture in the mid to late 1980s.Hip-hop music originally had a difficult time breaking into the mainstream due to MTV's reluctance to show music videos of black artists.Rap music &hip-hop created &codified a new language that rose up from the streets first as a cipher for the parties and good times that were going down on every block,eventually reporting conditions of life. -
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The 1980s era in America
The radical & countercultural movements of the 1960s & early 1970s, the Watergate scandal, the Vietnam War, Middle East & economic crisis at home had undermined Americans’ confidence in their fellow citizens and in their government.during the 1980s were shaped by President Ronald Reagan policies.its materialism & consumerism, led to an explosion of blockbuster movies and the emergence of cable networks like MTV, which introduced the music video and launched the careers of many iconic artists. -
Black Entertainment in the 90s: BET
The network first aired on Jan 25,1980.Its founder,Robert L. Johnson,was a former lobbyist for the cable television industry in the late 1970s.In that capacity,Johnson quickly recognized the dearth of television programming designed for the African American public & created BET to reach that demographic audience.The channel continued to flourish in the late 90s w/ several news programs including Our Voices & Lead Story.Making the prominent television network targeting African American audiences. -
The Presidential Election of 1980
The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter & his Republican opponent, Ronald Reagan, as well as Republican Congressman John B. Anderson,who ran as an independent. Reagan, aided by the Iran hostage crisis & a worsening economy at home, won the election in a landslide. Carter,after defeating Ted Kennedy for the Democratic nomination, attacked Reagan as a dangerous right-wing radical. Nevertheless, Reagan ridiculed Carter & triumphed. -
The Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan,a former actor & California governor,served as the 40th U.S. president from 1981-1989. Dubbed the Great Communicator, the affable Reagan became a popular two-term president. He cut taxes, increased defense spending,negotiated a nuclear arms reduction agreement with the Soviets & is credited with helping to bring a quicker end to the Cold War.He helped redefine the purpose of government. though, survived a 1981 assassination attempt,died at age 93 after battling Alzheimer’s disease. -
The Space Shuttle Program: First Shuttle Launch
The first launch of the Space Shuttle occurred on 12 April 1981,exactly 20 years after the first manned space flight,when the orbiter Columbia, with two crew members, astronauts John W. Young, commander,& Robert L. Crippen, pilot, lifted off from Pad A, Launch Complex 39,at the Kennedy Space Center.It launched satellites and served as an orbiting science laboratory.Its crews repaired & improved other spacecraft, such as the Hubble Space Telescope.The shuttle also flew missions for the military. -
The AIDS Crisis of the 1980s
The AIDS epidemic,caused by HIV,found its way to the U.S as early as 1960 but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma & pneumocystis pneumonia in young gay men in Los Angeles,New York City,& San Francisco in 1981.In the 1980s,when Dr. Jesse Peel was in his 40s,he realized the gay community organizer & psychiatrist in Atlanta had lost more of his contemporaries.Many people were terrified of the diease & of homophobia which created a movement of civil rights. -
Sandra Day O'Connor : Most Influential Justice
Sandra Day O’Connor was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the U.S from 1981-2006,& was the 1st woman to serve on the Supreme Court. A moderate conservative,she was known for her dispassionate & meticulously researched opinions. Sandra Day O’Connor was a pioneering force on the Supreme Court & will always be remembered as acting as a sturdy guiding hand in the court’s decisions.In 2009, her accomplishments were acknowledged by President Obama,honoring her Presidential Medal of Freedom. -
The Music Television: MTV
On Saturday,Aug 1,1981, MTV launched w/ the words "Ladies & gentlemen,rock & roll,"spoken by John Lack & played over footage of the first Space Shuttle launch countdown of Columbia & of the launch of Apollo 11.Making history when the first 24-hour video music channel,launched onto all television sets & changed not only technology innovation,but the culture in music styles & different ways of life that sing, present a backstory & convey messages.Whether good or bad,it has "killed the Radio Star." -
Techonology in the 1990s
As the United States advanced their society through politics, cultures, employment,entrepreneurship & nation conflicts, the innovation of technology shaped its nation to become what It is today in consumerism. Technology in the 1990s were a correlation of the first personal computers which became affordable for millions & flourished its industry.The internet became widely used in the 90s & the technology that came to be came from NASA' program. This created satellite TV & radio,CAT scans & more. -
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The 1990s era in America
The 1990s were a relatively peaceful time of prosperity.For most of the 1990s,Bill Clinton was president,the first baby boomer to live in the White House as the commander-in-chief.The Berlin Wall,the prime symbol of the Cold War,fell in November 1989, and Germany was reunited in 1990 after 45 years of separation.The Cold War officially ended with the fall of the Soviet Union on Christmas Day 1991,and it seemed as if a new era had dawned.The 90s were a period in which life was good to all people. -
The Persian Gulf War / 1st Iraq War
Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered invasion & occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early Aug 1990.Alarmed by these actions, fellow Arab powers such as Saudi Arabia & Egypt called on the U.S & other Western nations to intervene.The Persian Gulf War began w/ a massive U.S.led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm.President George H.W. Bush declared fire on Feb 28,most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered/fled.The troubled region led to a second Gulf War–known as the Iraq War,2003. -
The Rodney King Incident
The 1992 Los Angeles riots,also known as the Rodney King riots, were a series of riots,lootings, arsons, & civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles County,California in April & May 1992.after a trial jury acquitted four officers of the Los Angeles Police Department for usage of excessive force in the arrest and beating of Rodney King,which had been videotaped and widely viewed in TV broadcasts.The rioting spread throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area,1000s following after the news. -
The Presidential Election of 1992
The U.S. presidential election of 1992 had three major candidates: Incumbent Republican President George H.W.Bush;Democrat Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton,& independent Texas businessman Ross Perot.Being the 52nd quadrennial presidential election,Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H.W.Bush,independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas,& a number of minor candidates.The candidates appeared in several live televised Presidential Debates leading Clinton to victory. -
Bill Clinton: Presidency
Bill Clinton,42nd U.S. president,serving from 1993-2001.Prior to that, the Arkansas native & Democrat was governor of his home state.During Clinton’s time in the White House, America enjoyed an era of peace & prosperity, marked by low unemployment, declining crime rates & a budget surplus.He appointed a number of women & minorities to top government posts In 1998,the House of Representatives impeached Clinton on charges of sexual affairs he had w/ a White House intern & acquitted by the Senate. -
World Trade Center Attack - 1993
On February 26,1993,terrorists drove a rental van into a parking garage under the World Trade Center’s twin towers & lit the fuses on a homemade bomb stuffed inside.Six people died & more than 1,000 were injured in the massive explosion,which carved out a crater several stories deep and propelled smoke into the upper reaches of the skyscrapers.At the time,it was one of the worst terrorist attacks ever to occur on U.S. soil. But it would eventually be overshadowed by the terrorist on Sep 11,2001. -
Bill Clinton's Presidency: The Health Care Reform
During the Clinton Administration,Clinton desired to acquire a long liberal goal of a nationalized health care system. However,Bill Clinton did not do this alone, he gave the task to his wife, Hillary Clinton, which helped put out Republicans out of media Blitz.She attempted to develop a proposal for providing health care benefits for all American citizens and legal residents.It addressed distinctive health care issues such as, mental health,substance abuse & more. However, it failed until 2009. -
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement
The U.S commenced bilateral trade negotiations with Canada more than 30 years ago, resulting in the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement, which entered into force on January 1,1989. In 1991, bilateral talks began with Mexico, which Canada joined.The NAFTA followed,entering into force on January 1,1994.Tariffs were eliminated progressively and all duties and quantitative restrictions, with the exception of those on a limited number of agricultural products traded with Canada, were eliminated by 2008. -
The Wellfare Reform Act
The Welfare Reform Act of 1996,also known as the Personal Responsibility & Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act,was signed into legislation by Bill Clinton on August 22,1996.As an attempt to lessen the dependence of people on the federal government,it aimed to helped families to get off of welfare by providing them with stable jobs,which encouraged many to seek employment & work.It replaced the AFDC with TANF,making access to childcare effectively,& created more job opportunities for recipients. -
DOMA: Defense Of Marriage Act
Defense of Marriage Act, public Law in force from 1996-2013 that specifically denied to same-sex couples all benefits & recognition given to opposite-sex couples. Those benefits included more than 1,000 federal protections & privileges, such as the legal recognition of relationships, access to a partner’s employment benefits, rights of inheritance, joint tax returns and tax exemptions, immigration or residency for noncitizen partners, next-of-kin status, protection from domestic violence & more. -
The Presidential Election of 2000
The Election of 2000 hinged on the outcome in Florida.The TV networks said that VP Al Gore had carried the state.Then, the state’s election was considered “too close to call.” Then, the networks declared Texas Governor George W. Bush the winner.With the hanging on a few hundred votes in a single state, there were lawsuits & requests for recounts carried to the Supreme Court.It was first in 112 years in which a president lost the popular vote but captured enough states to win the electoral vote. -
George W. Bush Presidency
George W.Bush,America’s 43rd president,served in office from 2001-2009. Before entering the White House,Bush,the oldest son of George H.W.Bush,the 41st U.S. president,was a two-term Republican governor of Texas.Bush worked in the Texas oil industry &was an owner of the Texas Rangers baseball team before becoming governor.In 2000,he won the presidency after narrowly defeating Democratic challenger Al Gore.Bush’s time in office was shaped by the September 11,2001,terrorist attacks against America. -
The 9/11 Attacks
Throughout the Middle east, hatred & resentment led them to seek vengeance & revenge on the U.S. One of which is remembered as the worst day of American history & changed their way of perceiving dangerous invaders. On September 11,2001,19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airplanes & carried out suicide attacks against targets in the U.S. Planes targeted The World Trade Center at NY, the pentagon,& a field. About 3,000 were killed,triggering the nation. -
The Patriot Act
Security concerns led to new federal legislations by law enforcements & intelligence agencies.The 107th Congress passed the Uniting & Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Interfere & Obstruct Terrorism Act on Oct 26,2001 in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11 of that same year.This caused conducting wide-sweeps of searches & surveillance to detain immigrants,monitor bank accounts and wire trap suspected callers,which brought controversy among Americans. -
George W. Bush: No Child Left Behind Education Act
In the George W. Bush Administration, several reforms were passed to develop the economy, social issues & solve unresolved dilemma. One of which, The No Child Left Behind Act authorizes several federal education programs that are administered by the states. The law is a reauthorization of the Elementary & Secondary Education Act. Under the 2002 law, states are required to test students in reading and math in grades 3–8 and once in high school. Ensuring students achieve important learning goals. -
Hurricane Katrina Disaster
August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the U.S. When the storm made landfall, it had a Category 3 rating on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. It brought sustained winds that stretched some 400 miles across.The storm itself did a great deal of damage, but its aftermath was catastrophic. Levee breaches led to massive flooding, & many people charged that the federal government was slow to meet the needs of the people affected by the storm. Devastating thousands of families. -
The Great Recession of 2008
The Great Recession was a global economic downturn that devastated world financial markets as well as the banking and real estate industries. The crisis led to increases in home mortgage foreclosures worldwide and caused millions of people to lose their life savings, their jobs and their homes. It’s generally considered to be the longest period of economic decline since the Great Depression of the 1930s.Although its effects were definitely global in nature, it originated from a mortgage crisis. -
The Presidential Election of 2008
On November 4, 2008, after a campaign that lasted nearly two years, Americans elected Illinois senator Barack Obama their 44th president. The result was historic, as Obama, a first-term U.S. senator, became, when he was inaugurated on January 20, 2009, the country’s first African American president. He also was the first sitting U.S. senator to win election to the presidency since John F. Kennedy in 1960. With the highest voter turnout rate in four decades, Obama defeated republican John McCain. -
Barack Obama Presidency
After George Bush Administration, the Election of 2008 brought forth distinctive disputable grounds of ideas,campaigns & race in particular. Barack Obama,first term Senator of Illinois was elected president of the United States over Senator John McCain of Arizona.Obama became the 44th president,& the first African American to be elected to that office.He was subsequently elected to a second term over former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney. Barack Obama's presidency changed history in the U.S. -
The First Hispanic SCOTUS Judge: Sonya Sotomayor
After the election of 2008, Barack Obama's campaign on economic hope & change changes tactics & leads him to become the first African American President in the U.S history. Furthermore, through his administration, Obama nominates two women to the supreme court of justice. One of which is, Sonia Sotomayor, the first Hispanic as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the U.S, serving since Aug 2009.Her desire to be a judge led her to graduated from Yale Law School & passed the bar in 1980.
