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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
The nation needed President Eisenhower to mend the years of depression and be a leader. His leadership brought many advances to the nation such as the Interstate Highway System and Eisenhower Doctrine. Political TV ads were a new way of campaigning, and in effect had people chanting, "I like Ike!". -
Period: to
Presidents/Civil Rights/Vietnam War/Domestic Policy
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Chief Justice Earl Warren led the Court to finally address Civil Rights cases. Brown v. Board of Education ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, going against the previous Plessy v. Ferguson case. As a result, many "private" schools were created to continue segregation, especially in the Deep South. -
Geneva Conference
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
In Geneva, Switzerland, the conference set out to find a way to unify Vietnam and try to restore peace in Laos, and stray Laos away from Communist China. The Geneva Accords seperated Vietnam into North and South, but called for a general election in the future. -
McCarthyism
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Republican Senator, Joseph McCarthy, stirred up problems because he accused multiple higher authorities of being communists. He failed to bring up any proof , but still continued to accuse even the U.S. army. The Senate formally condemned McCarthy for his actions. -
Rosa Parks
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
In Montgomery, Alambama, African American Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat and in turn got arrested for violating Jim Crow laws. She sparked a yearlong balck bus boycott, creating a message that blacks would not stand down to segregation. This boycott also caused the involvement of Martin Luther King Jr. -
Interstate Highway Act of 1956
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
This act called for a $27 billion plan to build 42 thousand miles of new highways. It boosted the need for jobs and increased urban living. Also benefiting trucking, oil and car manufacturers but not helping the railroad and train business. The environment was being damaged with air quality and energy problems. -
"Sit-in" Movement
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Four black college freshmen in Greensboro, North Carolina started this "sit-in" movement by demanding service at "whites-only" lunch counters. Instead of being served, they continued to come back to sit and wait to not be served. It grew from 19 to 1000 in just one week, and eventually spread all over the South. -
SNCC Formation
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
From "sit-in's", came pray-ins, wade-ins, and lie-ins. Southern black students formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to expand equal treatment in restaurants, transportation, employment, and voting. The black youth began to take action, as the original four sit-in students began to make a change. -
John F, Kennedy
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
The glamour and TV debates won Kennedy the presidency in 1961. Kennedy had his "New Frontier" ideas including the Peace Corps, tax reform, and investments in space. He was assassinated Nov 22,1963, bringing much heartbreak to the nation. -
Peace Corps
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
The Peace Corps was created by President Kennedy as a result of the Cold War and the idea of the youth volunteering to help foreign countries. He sought to bring American skills to the underdeveloped countries around the world. This encouraged citizens help. -
Birmingham Campaign
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David
Martin Luther King, Jr., launched the Birmingham campaign to stop discrimation starting in the most segregated city, Birmingham, Alabama. In this city, blacks made up <15% of the voters and were half of the population. Desegregation attempts ended in multiple burnings and bomb attacks. TV castings revealed peaceful rights marchers being hurt by police dogs and fire hoses. The nation reacted in horror. -
March on Washington
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Led by MLK, Jr., the march consisted of 200,000 black and white demonstraters peacefully in support of desegregating legislation. King delievered a historical speech stating, "I have a dream..". This movement didn't stop the growing violence of the blacks pushing for their rights. -
Lyndon B.Johnson
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Sworn in on the day of Kennedy's death, Johnson aimed to finish what Kennedy started. He passed Civil Rights and Voting acts, revealing his full support of equality. Johnson also supported the elderly, education and convservation. -
Civil Rights Act
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Passed by Pres. Johnson, this landmark act banned racial discrimination in private-owned public facilities such as theaters, hospitals, and restaurants. This also had an affect on federal power to end educational segregation. As a result, the EEOC (employment) was created. -
Gulf of Tonkin
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Without the knowing of Congress or the public, U.S. navy ships and the S.Vietnamese gunboats were raiding along the Tonkin Gulf. Investigations reveal that the N.Vietnamese fired two of the US destroyers in self-defense. Johnson gained more war control. -
Free Speech Movement
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
This was one of the first organized protests against established authority, and it took place at the University of Cali. at Berkley. The students objected to the banning of campus space to be used for political debate. They accused the Cold War of promoting corporate instead of humane interests. -
Great Society: Medicare/Medicaid
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Part of LBJ's Great Society program, Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for the poor increased his popularity. They created "entitlements", permanently giving certain category rights to Americans without repeated congressional approval. They improved the lives of many. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
This act outlawed literacy tests (given to the uneducated blacks) and sent voter registrars into several southern states. Johnson's passage was the pinnicle of blacks hardships since the Civil War. The black voters gained a lot of leverage. -
Great Society: Immigration
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
One of Johnson's Big Four legislative achievements was Immigration Reform. The Immigration and Nationality Act abolished the "national-origins" system (from 1921). It also doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter yearly. The act provided for the admission of relatives of citizens. -
Change in SNCC/Civil Rights
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
With the growing impatience of the black community, nonviolence wasn't an opiton for some anymore. Stokely Carmichael began to preach the doctrine of "Black Power" (Black Panther Party). Some still stood by nonviolence, but others advocated a separatist view. -
Tet Offfensive
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
During Tet, the Vietnamese New Year, N.Vietnam attacked 27 key S.Vietnamese cities (including captial Saigon). With the Viet Cong victory, the American public urged for a speedy end to the war. In response, LBJ announced the freezing of troop levels and scaling back of bombing. (and said he wouldn't run for pres.) -
Martin Luther Kind Jr.'s Assassination
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
In Memphis, Tennessee, MLK, Jr., was assassinated, spreading tragedy and despair throughout the country. His killing took his nonviolent preaching out of many peoples lives, and stirred many riots in the near future. His legacy was shown in the integrated voting and schools during his time and increasingly to come. -
Richard Nixon
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
After his loss against Kennedy in 1960, Nixon gained the presidency in 1969. Nixon sought to reconcile the divided nation. He also brought an end to the draft and started an enviromental program. During his time the nation landed men on the moon, a historic victory. He later resigned due to a scandal. -
Bombing in Cambodia
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Nixon ordered an attack on Vietnam's neighbor, Cambodia because the N.Vietnamese and Viet Cong had been using it. He did it without informing Congress and ordered US troops to help S.Vietnamese forces. After two months, he withdrew and the nation hated the war effort even more. This was another one of Nixon's secrets. -
OSHA
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
During the Nixon years, the Occupational Health and Safety Administration was created. It represented the decade's concern leading to acts on ecological improvement. This act made progess on reducing automobile emissioms and waterways. -
Watergate Scandal
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Five men were arrested and caught trying to spy on the Democratic Party Campaign at the Watergate office complex. Later, they were found to be linked to the Republican Campain team. Nixon lied about any connection to him on TV and got caught trying to cover it up. He then resigned. -
Roe v. Wade
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Page
The case Roe v. Wade legalized abortion. The Warren Court passed this "liberal" ruling, but in effect this had many negative outcomes.The Supreme Court had prohibited states from making laws that mixed with a woman's right to an abortion. Roman Catholics and "right-to-life" groups stirred feelings about this court case, because they wanted to ban all abortions. -
Milliken v. Bradley
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
This case ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines. This basically exempted suburban districts from desegregating inner-city schools, enforcing "white-flight" from cities to suburbs. -
Gerald R. Ford
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Ford was the first unelected president, because he was solely chosen to be VP by Congress when Agnew resigned. He continued the detente that Nixon crafted and went towards humanitatian diplomacy. He also signed many historic accords in Finland. -
Defeat in Vietnam
Picture Citation
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
Without American aid, the S.Vietnamese quickly collapsed and the remaining Americans had to be quickly taken out by helicopter. Along with the Americans, 140,000 S.Vietnamese were rescued because they didn't want to be caught in a communist bloodbath. Ford admitted them, eventually adding up to 500,000.
