-
Jan 1, 632
Threats from Eastern Roman and Persian
Two powerful empires, the Eastern Roman and the Persian, also threatened the new-born Islamic state at Medina. -
Jan 1, 632
The First Caliph - Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr was the father-in-law of Muhammad and one of the first Muslims -
Jan 1, 632
Death of Prophet Muhammad
Prophet Muhammad died at the age of 63, spending 23 years of his life as a prophet. -
Period: Jan 1, 632 to Jan 1, 634
The First Caliph - Abu Bakr
-
Jan 1, 633
Ridda Wars
Abu Bakr defeats the tribes against the Caliph, and the war reintroduced communities who had abandoned Islamic faith after the death of Muhammed. -
Jan 1, 633
Contribution to the Qu'ran
Abu Bakr also contributed to the collection and compliation of the verses of the Qu'ran -
Jan 1, 633
Expansion of the Muslim Empire
Abu Bakr sent his best general, Khalid al-Walid, to invade the Sassanid Persian Empire and portions of the Byzantine Empire. -
Jan 1, 634
Death of Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr died after reigning for 2 years -
Jan 1, 634
The Second Caliph - Umar
During a large part of Muhammed's life, Umar was one of the Prophet's leading advisers. He continued to expand the empire into Persia, Byzantine territory, and Egypt. -
Period: Jan 1, 634 to Jan 1, 644
The Second Caliph - Umar
-
Jan 1, 636
The Battle of Yarmouk
The Rashidun forces under Umar defeated the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine), ending their rule over Syria. -
Jan 1, 639
Institution of the Muslim calendar
Umar instituted the Muslim calendar, which started in the year 639, Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina. -
Jan 1, 644
Umar's Death
Umar was assassinated by the Persians -
Jan 1, 644
The Third Caliph - Uthman
He was one of the 6 people who were nominated after the death of Umar. Abdul Rahman came to the mosque together with other Muslim and swore allegiance to Uthman. -
Period: Jan 1, 644 to Jan 1, 656
The Third Caliph - Uthman
-
Jan 1, 649
Mu'awiyah's Navy
To stop the Byzantie harassment from the sea during Arab-Byzantine Wars, Mu'awiyah set up a navy. -
Jan 1, 650
Written Edition of Qu'ran
First definitive written edition of Qu'an -
Jan 1, 655
Battle of the Masts
Mu'awiyah's navy resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine navy at the Battle of the Masts, opening up the Mediterranean. -
Jan 1, 656
Death of Uthman
The rebels broke into Uthman's house and murdered him. The first time the sword struck him, he was reciting the verse: "Verily, God sufficeth thee; he is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing" [Qu'ran 2:137] -
Jan 1, 656
The Fourth Caliph - Ali
Many people insisted that Ali should be the next Caliph, but he declined at first. When the notable Companions of the Prophet urged him, he finally agreed -
Jan 1, 656
Rebellion against the Caliph
Ali was pressured to take revenge on the rebels who killed Uthman. This represented the first time two Muslims forces fought against each other. Ali's forces were victorious. -
Jan 1, 656
The First Fitna (Islamic Civil War)
Started by Mu'awiya, a member of Uthman's extended family and governor of Syria, wanted to seize the caliphate from Ali. -
Period: Jan 1, 656 to Jan 1, 661
The Fourth Caliph - Ali
-
Jan 1, 657
New capital - Kufa
Caliph Ali moved the capital of Islam to Kufa, Iraq. -
Jan 1, 657
Battle of Siffin
Battle of Siffin occurred between Ali and Mu'awiyah, Uthman's nephew. Those who followed Ali became the Shi'a, while those who followed Mu'awiyah became the Sunni. -
Jan 1, 657
Loss of control over the territory
Ali is forced to face the Kharijites, a faction of his army who feel that he should not have accepted the arbitration. -
Jan 1, 661
Death of Ali
The Kharijites assassinated all the Islamic leaders in order to end the civil war.
