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Plessy v. Ferguson
Segregation was legalized by the Supreme Court as long as everything was more or less equal. Students with disabilities were not integrated. This was against the needs of students with special needs. -
International Council for the Education of Exceptional Children
Elizabeth E. Farrell founded the International Council for the Education of Exceptional Children at Columbia University. The council is full of educators dedicated to giving children with special needs the best chance at success. For the needs of children with special needs. -
Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court overruled the Plessy v. Ferguson case in that segregation was both unconstitutional and unequal. A step in the right direction, providing a Civil Rights Movement promoting equal access and opportunities to minorities, including children with special needs. -
Elementary & Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Enacted by Congress to ensure that disadvantaged and underprivileged students had the resources accessible for quality education. Encouraged further educational reform. -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (PARC)
A big step in the movement for the rights of children with special needs. Dealt with the exclusion of children with mental retardation from public schools. Students with mental retardation were granted an education similar or equal to their non-disabled peers. Lead to an investigation by Congress with the findings being that thousands of children were not receiving an appropriate education. -
Mills v. Board of Education
Claimed that students with disabilities were excluded from school due to the costs of meeting their needs for education. Also lead to an investigation by Congress with the findings being that thousands of children were not receiving an appropriate education. Established due process and equal protection for all students, with disabilities or without. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1973
First Civil Rights Act for people with disabilities. The first national law that gave students with special needs a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. -
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Public Law 94-142. Congress enacted this law to provide all children with disabilities "a right to education, and to establish a process by which State and local educational agencies may be held accountable for providing educational services for all handicapped children." Parents were able to be a part of the education planning decisions for their children. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was amended and called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. -
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Law enforced to protect people with disabilities from being discriminated against. Established equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, public services, public accommodations, telecommunications, and miscellaneous. Brought protection to people with special needs outside of schools. -
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No Child Left Behind
A revision of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Promotes standards for all students, including students with disabilities. Set the goal for each student to be proficient in reading and math by 2014. Revised again in June 2004 making it required that special education teachers be highly qualified. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA)
President George W. Bush reauthorized the IDEA resulting in Response to Intervention instruction in school districts regarding special education. -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
President Barack Obama signed the ESSA reauthorizing the national education law, No Child Left Behind, and rights to equal opportunities for all students. Builds on new key areas of progress throughout the years since the law was last reauthorized.