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Brown Vs. Board of Education
In 1954, the courts ruled that it was illegal to segregate schools based on race. This case was significant because it paved the way for the law to eventually require the education of students with disabilities (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, & Shogren, 2016). -
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Special Education Law Timeline
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PARC vs. Penn Board of Education
The Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) went head-to-head in a legal case w/ the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. This suit was filed on the behalf of persons w/ disabilities who were being excluded from public schools. This case was important because it helped to pave the way for Education of all Handicapped Children Act. It stated children w/ disabilities were entitled to a free & appropriate education and were able to attend their local public schools (Trunbull et al.,2016) -
Mills vs. Board of Education
The courts ruled in the District of Columbia that children with disabilities were entitled a free and appropriate education and entitled to be educated in their local public schools. Also, parent safeguards were established at this time (Turnbull et al., 2016) -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
It was one of the first federal civil rights laws offering protection for people with disabilities. Because local schools receive federal funds they are prohibited from discriminating against persons with disabilities (Turnbull et al., 2016). -
Education of All Handicapped Children Act "EHA"
Formally known as Public Law (PL) 94-142) was enacted by the United States Congress in 1975. This law is still active today but was renamed (and revised) to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. It established free appropriate education in the least restrictive environment for children with disabilities (Turnbull et al., 2016). -
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
ADA is a civil rights law that states that discrimination based on disability, gender or race is illegal. The ADA also requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public as well (Turnbull et al., 2016). -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
EHA was revised to become the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1990. It called for improvement of SPED & inclusive ed. It called for assistance for education infants & toddlers w/ disabilities & established national support programs administration at the federal level. It est. regulations for IEPs, FAPE, LRE, appropriate evaluation, parent & teacher participation, & procedural safeguards. Confidentiality, transition services, & discipline were added Turnbull, et al., 2016). -
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
Congress amended the federal law Elementary & Secondary Education Act (ESEA) to the NCLB act in 2001. This amendment required setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. The act required states to develop assessments of basic skills. To receive federal school funding, states had to give these assessments to all students at certain grade levels (Turnbull et al., 2016). -
Individuals with Disabilities Act- 2004 Revision
Signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 3, 2004. Schools now required to use research based interventions to help students with learning difficulties and when determining eligibility for special education. Many schools have started using the Response to Intervention (RTI) to meet the new requirements set by IDEA 2004 (US Department of Education, n.d.). -
Every Student Succeed Act (ESSA)
President Obama signed the act in 2015. It reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Requires that students be taught in ways to help them prepare for college & careers. Annual assessments to measure students' progress required (US Department of Education, n.d.)
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