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Brown v. Board of Education
Integration into public schools was introduced by Brown v. Board of Education. The idea emphasized by this law is that the only way to protect students' constitutional rights to a free and equal public education is to ensure that a diverse group of students learn together. This law stated that students from all races could now attend school together and receive the same education.
http://www.civilrights.org/education/brown/??referrer=https://www.google.com/ -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)
This law authorized grants to state institutions and state operated schools devoted to the education of children with disabilities. It was the first Federal grant program specifically targeted for children and youth with disabilities. It established the Bureau of Education of the Handicapped and the National Advisory Council.
https://www.nasponline.org/research-and-policy/current-law-and-policy-priorities/current-law/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-(esea) -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) V. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Results of the case established that each child be offered an education appropriate to his or her learning capacities and established a clear preference for the least restrictive placement for each child. The state agreed to provide full access to a free public education to children with disabilities up to age 21.
http://disabilityjustice.org/right-to-education/ -
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1973
Parents are allowed to have access to all personally identifiable information collected, maintained, or used by a school district regarding their child. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act is a federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. These rights transfer to the student when he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level.
https://ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/index.html -
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Some students not eligible for help under other special education laws can receive help under Section 504. Section 504 deems a student in need of aid if there is a factor that negatively affects his or her learning or ability to function in the school setting. Students with asthma and/or severe allergies can receive assistance under this law.
http://project10.info/DetailPage.php?MainPageID=174 -
The Education for all Handicapped Children Act
This law mandated the concept of Least Restrictive Environment. It contains a list of categories and disabilities that make students eligible for aid under special education programs. It gave a detailed procedure for identifying students with special needs and gave rights to parents who disapproved of the educational services offered to their child/children.
http://commons.trincoll.edu/edreform/2012/05/the-education-for-all-handicapped-children-act-a-faltering-step-towards-integration/ -
The Rehabilition Act Amendments of 1986
This set of act amendments clarifies that supported employment is a viable outcome of vocational rehabilitation and specified that states must plan for individuals making the transition from school to work. The schools must make a transition plan for the student prior to graduation.
http://www.crinet.org/education/Independent%20Living/rehabilitation_act.htm -
The Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986
These amendments include a new grant program for states to develop an early intervention system for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families and provide greater incentives for states to provide preschool programs for children with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 5.
http://www.parentcenterhub.org/repository/ei-history/ -
Daniel R.R. V. State Board of Education
As a result of this case, schools must determine if placement in the regular classroom, with supplementary devices/services, could be achieved satisfactorily. Additionally, if a student is to be removed from the general education classroom (for all or part of the day), the school must determine if the child has been mainstreamed (spending time in the regular classroom) to the maximum extent possible.
http://schoolinclusion.blogspot.com/2011/06/daniel-rr.html -
The Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1990
Renamed The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, it reauthorized and expanded the discretionary programs, mandated transition services, defined assistive technology devices and services, and added autism and traumatic brain injury to the list of categories of children and youth eligible for special education and related services.
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED343318 -
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997
The reauthorization of IDEA was viewed as an opportunity to review, strengthen, and improve IDEA to better educate children with disabilities and enable them to achieve a quality education. This law also required that special education students be tested as any other students (at state and local levels), using the same assessment instruments or some alternative but similar instrument.
https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oii/nonpublic/idea1.html -
Individuals with Disabilities Act
This act governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities. It addresses the educational needs of children with disabilities from birth to age 18 or 21 in cases that involve 13 specified categories of disability. Supplemental funding for state and local programs were afforded by this act.
http://www.apa.org/about/gr/issues/disability/idea.aspx -
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
The NCLB law significantly increased the federal role in holding schools responsible for the academic progress of all students. It put a special focus on ensuring that states and schools boost the performance of certain groups of students, such as English-language learners, students in special education, and poor and minority children, whose achievement, on average, trails their peers.
http://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/no-child-left-behind-overview-definition-summary.html -
IDEA 2004 Reenactment/Improvement Act
Special education teachers must be highly qualified in all core subject areas they teach as well as special education. Response to Intervention (RTI) is viewed as a new and alternative way for students without being placed into special education.
http://www.afb.org/info/afb-national-education-program/jltli-2005-education-summary/summary-of-key-sections-of-the-idea-of-2004-pl-108-446/235
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