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Charles II
Charles II (1661–1700), was the king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1665–1700), and the son of Philip IV, and the last Habsburg ruler of Spain. He was known more for his physical infirmity and absence from government than for his accomplishments. Charles inherited his throne in 1665 at the age of four. His death on November 1, 1700 still triggered the War of the Spanish Succession.
http://madmonarchs.guusbeltman.nl/madmonarchs/carlos2/carlos2_bio.htm -
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War of Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession was a war between Austria and France over which of them would rule Spain. Charles had named his grand-nephew Philip, Louis XIV's 16-year-old grandson. Austria and England supported Charles' cousin Charles III. France fought England and Austria Europe. By 1714, Charles' older brother had died, so he inherited power in Austria. As a result, Philip V remained King of Spain averting a union of France and Spain.
http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/ -
New foundation decrees
They were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession. They suppressed the institutions, privileges, and the ancient charters (Spanish fueros) of almost all the areas that were formerly part of the Crown of Aragon. The decrees ruled that all the territories in the Crown of Aragon were to be ruled by the laws of Castile.
http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Nueva_Planta_decrees -
Treaty of Utrecht
It was an agreement between Britain and France at Utrecht which ended the war of Spanish Succession. It recognized Queen Anne as the sovereign of England and ended French support of the Jacobite party to the British throne.
Spain was forced to cede Flanders, Milan, Naples, Sardinia, Sicily and Menorca. Moreover, Gibraltar was taken by England. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-utrecht/ -
The First Family Compact
France backed Spain to recover possessions in Italy in return for Spain’s support in the War of the Polish succession. Isabel Farnese of Parma, Philip V’s wife, wanted the Italian kingdoms for her sons. In 1734 Spain recovered Naples and Sicily. Isabel’s older son, Charles, was crowned King of Naples. -
The Second Family Compact
The support of France’s involvement with the Austrian War of Succession, resulted in the installation of Charles’ younger brother Philip as duke of Parma and Piacenza in 1748. They agreed to attempt to seize Gibraltar and Port Mahon from British possession, to force Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia to surrender his recent acquisitions in Italy, and agree for Milan, Parma and Piacenza to pass to Don Philip.
http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=17486 -
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Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos was a Spanish statesman,author, philosopher and main figure of the Age of Enlightenment in Spain.In 1767,Charles II appointed him the mayor of the crime of the audience of Seville and in 1774,he was ascended to the place of listener.In 1801,he was accused of introducing a copy of "El contrato social" by Rousseau into Spain and deported to Majorca.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/floridablanca-jose-monino-count-1728-1808 -
Canal de Castilla
The main objective of its construction was to serve as a waterway of communication and transport that solved the problem of isolation to which the Castilian and Leonese plateau was subjected. It originally was a plan to improve Spain’s economy.
http://www.canaldecastilla.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34&Itemid=52 -
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Charles III
Charles III was the king of Spain from 1759 to 1788. His reign was marked by economic progress and political stability. He was the son of Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese of Parma. Charles was recognized as Duke of Parma in 1731 and as king of Naples and Sicily in 1736 after the War of the Polish Succession.On Ferdinand VI's death in 1759 Charles, his half brother, became king of Spain.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/spanish-and-portuguese-history-biographies/charles-iii-spain -
The Third Family Compact
During the Seven Years’ War of 1756–63 a treaty between the French and Spanish Bourbons which provided for mutual support if one of them was attacked. The Family Compact, was directed against Great Britain. France transferred to Spain the island of Menorca, which had been seized from the English. As a result, Great Britain declared war on Spain on Aug. 4, 1762. The compact remained in effect until 1789.
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Family+Compact+of+1761 -
Esquilache Riots
They occurred in March 1766 during the rule of Charles III of Spain. They were caused mostly by the growing discontent in Madrid about the rising costs of bread and other foods, they were triggered by a series of measures regarding Spaniards' apparel that had been represented by Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marqués de Esquilache, a Neapolitan minister whom Charles favored.
http://general-history.com/esquilache-attempts-reform-18th-century-spain/ -
Jesuits are expelled from Spain
Believing that the Society of Jesus had acquired too much wealth and influence over Spanish affairs, Charles III expelled the Jesuits in 1767. By 29 January 1767, its expulsion was settled. Secret orders, were sent to every town where a Jesuit resided. That morning, 6000 Jesuits were marching like convicts to the coast, where they were deported, first to the Papal States, and ultimately to Corsica.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14096a.htm -
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Floridablanca
José Moñino, Count of Floridablanca, was a Spanish statesman and minister to Charles III and Charles IV of Spain. Moñino took an active role in eliminating the Jesuits. He was sent to Rome in 1773 to negotiate their dissolution. For this success, Charles III granted him the title of count of Floridablanca.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/floridablanca-jose-monino-count-1728-1808 -
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Charles IV
Charles IV was the king of Spain. With the French Revolution under way, Charles essentially turned the government over to his wife and her lover. Eventually, he was forced to abdicate the Spanish throne to his son, Ferdinand VII. Charles and Ferdinand were both dethroned by Napoleon. Ferdinand VII was reinstalled in 1813, and Charles died in Rome in 1819.
http://www.biography.com/people/charles-iv-of-spain-21389243 -
Execution of Louis XVI
On July 14, 1789, violence erupted when Parisians stormed the Bastille. In June 1791, the royal pair were forced to flee to Austria. In August 1792, the royal couple was arrested and imprisoned. Louis was convicted and condemned to death. On January 21, he walked to the guillotine and was executed. Nine months later, Marie Antoinette, was convicted of treason by a tribunal, and on October 16 she followed her husband to the guillotine.
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/louis.htm -
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War of the Pyrenees
In 1793, a Spanish army invaded Roussillon in the eastern Pyrenees and stayed on French soil through April 1794. The French army drove the Spanish back into Catalonia and were defeated on it in November 1794. In the western Pyrenees, the French began to win in 1794. By 1795, the French army controlled a portion of northeast Spain. A peace treaty was signed in 1795. Spain had to cede France half of the island of Santo Domingo.
http://military.wikia.com/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees -
Treaty of San Ildefonso
The Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1796 was an alliance of France with Spain against Great Britain in the French Revolutionary Wars. A Franco-Spanish fleet was crushed at Cape St. Vincent, the island Trinidad was taken by England, British ships blockaded Cadiz and the trade with America was cut off.
http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html -
Napoleon is crowned as emperor
Napoleon Bonaparte was already dictator of France.On May 18, 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor, and made Josephine Empress. His coronation ceremony took place on December 2, 1804, in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. During the coronation he took the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII and crowned himself.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/napoleon-crowned-emperor -
Battle of Trafalgar
The British fleet under Admiral Lord Nelson defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar, fought off in the coast of Spain. Although Lord Nelson was killed in the battle, he was largely credited for defeat Napoleon’s plans to concentrate a fleet in the Channel for the invasion of Britain.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/battle-of-trafalgar -
Treaty of Fontainebleau
The treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement between Spain and France regarding the partition of Portugal. In it, Charles IV and Napoleon I outlined a proposed conquest and partition of Portugal. The Treaty of Fontainebleau ultimately led to the Napoleonic occupation of Spain, the capture of Charles IV, and the designation of Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte as ruler of Spain.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fontainebleau-treaty-1807 -
Abdications of Bayonne
The Abdications of Bayonne were a series of forced abdications of the Kings of Spain. Napoleon forced Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to abdicate and were detained in Bayonne. Napoleon entitled his brother, Joseph, as King of Spain led to the Peninsular War. Napoleon was eventually forced to release Ferdinand, and, on December 11, 1813, he appointed Ferdinand as the King of Spain.
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Abdications%20of%20Bayonne&item_type=topic -
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Joseph I
Joseph Bonaparte was the older brother of Napoleon I, who made him king of Spain. He served as Spain's king from 1808 to 1813. As Spanish people did not want him as their king he was forced to abandon and Ferdiand VII was restored as the King of Spain.
http://www.biography.com/people/joseph-bonaparte-9218630#synopsis -
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The Pensinsular War
The Peninsular War was a part of the Napoleonic Wars. It was fought by France against Great Britain, Portugal, Spanish regulars, and Spanish guerrillas in the Iberian Peninsula.The war started when French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807, and escalated in 1808 when France turned on Spain. The war on the peninsula lasted until 1814.
http://www.peninsularwar.org/penwar_e.htm -
First Spanish Constitution
On 19 March 1812, Spain’s first constitution was drawn up in Cadiz, preserving the rights of Spanish citizens and limiting the power of the monarchy. When the monarchy was restored soon after, in 1814, one of the first acts of King Ferdinand VII was to revoke the constitution. After this, it has been mostly unrecognised, it was reinstated from 1820-1823 and 1836-1837.
http://www.andalucia.com/history/la-pepa.htm -
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Ferdinand VII (part one)
He became the king of Spain because his father was forced to abdicate. However, he was also forced to abdicate by Napoleon so Joseph could be the king. The Spanish did not want him so Napoleon allowed Ferdinand to return in 1814. While he was missing, a constitution had been written. Ferdinand issued a decree on May 4 restoring royal absolutism and suspending the Constitution of 1812.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/spanish-and-portuguese-history-biographies/ferdinand-vii -
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Ferdinand VII (part two)
Ferdinand now launched a systematic persecution of those who had collaborated with the French and of those who had dreamed of a constitutional monarchy. Rafael Riego made a pronunciamento. All over Spain, people either joined the revolt or remained neutral. The frightened Ferdinand gave in and in March took the oath to the constitution.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/spanish-and-portuguese-history-biographies/ferdinand-vii -
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Ferdinand VII (part three)
In the spring of 1823 a royalist army from France was sent to restore Ferdinand to the throne. The liberals fled to Seville and then to Cadiz, taking Ferdinand with them. In August they gave up and freed Ferdinand. Ferdinand's rule became less harsh, and gradually the more moderate liberals were allowed back into the country. As he did not had any son,he proclaimed the pragmatic sanction.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/spanish-and-portuguese-history-biographies/ferdinand-vii -
Riego's pronunciamento
The Riego’s pronunciamento, was a military "coup d'etat", carried out by the commander Rafael de Riego on January 1, 1820 in Cabezas de San Juan (Seville). The pronunciamiento was among the officers of the troops that had to fight against the American uprising. After the emergence of a proclamation the constitution was restored.
http://www.pronunciamientos.rizoazul.com/pronunciamiento%20de%20riego.html -
Cien mil hijos de San Luis
King Ferdinand VII asked France for help to fight the liberals and restore absolutism.The French army intervened with the help of the Duke of Angouleme, who put himself in charge of the One Thousand Sons of St. Louis.This ended with a pact in which Ferdinand VII pledged to defend the freedom of the Spaniards according to the constitution of 1812.
https://www.quora.com/How-is-the-French-invasion-of-Spain-in-1823-popularly-known-as-the-Hundred-Thousand-Sons-of-Saint-Louis-viewed-in-Spanish-history -
Salic Law
It was a rule of succession in certain royal and noble families of Europe, forbidding females to succeed to the titles or offices in the family. This law was abolished by Ferdinard VII with the pragmatic sanction. This sanction allowed his daughter, Isabella, to be the queen after his death. Carlos was against this sanction and claimed for his rights. This brought the Carlist War.
https://global.britannica.com/topic/Salic-Law-of-Succession -
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First Carlist War
The conflict was a civil war, with the Carlists, fighting in the name of the rival Bourbon line of Don Carlos against Queen Isabel II and, more generally, in favor of ultraconservative religious and political values over the relative liberalism associated with the queen’s rule. Although they never succeeded in placing their rival dynastic line in power, the movement in support of Carlos and his descendants would cause several major civil wars.
http://military.wikia.com/wiki/First_Carlist_War -
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Isabella II
She was the Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868. She came to the throne as an infant. She had the support of the Moderate Liberal party and the Progressive party. However, her succession was disputed by the Carlists, who refused to recognize a female sovereign, leading to the Carlists Wars. She was deposed in the Gloriuous Revolution of 1868, and formally abdicated in 1870. Her son Alfonso XII became king in 1874.
http://womenshistory.about.com/od/spain/fl/Isabella-II-of-Spain.htm -
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Second Carlist War
It was a short civil war fought primarily in Catalonia by the Carlists against the forces of the government of Isabella II. The uprising began in September 1846 and continued until May 1849, spreading to Galicia. In June of that year, amnesty was granted to the Carlists.
http://www.spanishwars.net/19th-century-second-carlist-war.html -
Spanish Glorious Revolution
It was a revolution started by the Spanish liberal movement as an answer to the increasingly conservative and dictatorial monarchy of Isabella II. As a result, Queen Isabella II was dethroned. Leaders of the revolution eventually recruited Amadeo of Savoy as king. His reign lasted two years, and he was replaced by the first Spanish Republic. Until leaders in 1875 proclaimed Isabella's son, as King Alfonso XII in the Bourbon Restoration.
http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain) -
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Amadeus of Savoy
He was the Italian prince who would be King of Spain. He reigned briefly as King of Spain from 1873 to 1874. He was elected by the Cortes as Spain's monarch following the deposition of Isabella II. Amadeo's reign was filled with growing republicanism, Carlist rebellions in the north, and the Cuban independence movement. He abdicated and returned to Italy in 1874, and the First Spanish Republic was declared as a result.
http://historiaespana.es/biografia/amadeo-i-saboya -
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Third Carlist War
Carlists forces managed to occupy several towns in the interior of Spain. Isabella II had abdicated the throne, and Amadeo I, was not very popular. The Carlist pretender, Carlos VII, tried to earn the support of those areas with more region-specific customs and former laws. The Carlists proclaimed the restoration of the fueros abolished at the beginning of the 18th century. After the end of the war, the Basque fueros were abolished.
http://www.spanishwars.net/19th-century-third-carlist-war.html -
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First Spanish Republic
The short lived First Spanish Republic was characterized by profound political and social instability and violence. The First Spanish Republic was governed by four distinct presidents: Estanislao Figueras, Pi i Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, Emilio Castelar until General Manuel Pavía mounted a coup d’état and established a unified republic led by General Francisco Serrano in 1874.
http://www.thespanishblog.com/2011/07/history-of-spain-the-first-spanish-republic/ -
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The Cuban War
The Cuban War of Independence was the last of three liberation wars the other two being the Ten Year's War and the Little War. The last three months of this conflict escalated to the Spanish-American War. The Spanish-American War (1898) was a conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas.
http://www.history.com/topics/spanish-american-war
