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Charles II's death (Part 1)
The 1st November 1700, Charles the II of Spain, also called the Bewitched, died without an heir, ending the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. He suffered from numerous diseases, including respiratory diseases and deep developmental delay. He was unable to procreate, in other words he was infertile. It is possible that Charles II had an autosomal recessive inherited genopathy as a consequence of frequent relationships between his ancestors. It is also possible that he suffered from Klinefelter Syndrome. -
Charles II´s death (Part 2)
When he died he gave his crown to the French prince Philip of Anjou. He was proclaimed king of Spain and declared the union of Spain and France. However the Grand Alliance of England, Holland, Prussia and Austria wanted to put Archduke Charles of Austria on the Spanish throne. This started the War of the Spanish Succession. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483684 -
Philip V
He was king from 1st november 1700 to 15th January 1724, and from 6th September 1724 to 9th July 1746. -
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Philip V 1st reign (part 1)
Philip V (1683–1746) was king of Spain between 1700-1746. He was the first bourbon in the Spanish throne. When Charles II declared him as his sucesor in 1700, the war of Spanish Succession started and in 1713, he was finally recognised as the Spanish king in the Treaty of Utrecht. However, this treaty severy reduced Spanish power as Spain was forced to cede a lot of territories to other countries. -
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Philip V 1st reign (Part 2)
Philip took out the autonomous privileges of Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia for supporting archduke Charles in the war. Philip was dominated by his wifes. At first he married Maria Luisa of Savoy. In 1714 he married Elizabeth Farnese who took control of Spanish policies. She wanted to reconquer Spanish territories in Italy, which led to the war of the Quadruple Alliance, ending in 1720 with the Spanish defeat. In 1724 Philip abdicated leaving his throne to his eldest son Louis. -
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War of Spanish succession (Part 1)
This war was caused when Charles II, the bewitched died without an heir in 1700. He gave his crown to Philip V, the grandson of Louis XIV and Philip declared that Spain and France would be united. The Grand Alliance of England, Holland, Prussia, and Austria feared French power, so they wanted to put Archduke Charles of Austria on the Spanish throne. This started a long war in which France was defeated numerous times. -
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War of Spanish Succession (Part 2)
However in 1711 the emperor Joseph I of Austria died, and his heir was Archduke Charles of Austria. It became obvious that European balance of power would be even more threatened if Charles got Austria and Spain, than if Philip became king of Spain. This war could have been avoided if Catalonia, Aragon, and Valencia wouldn´t have supported Charles as the heir. The threat of Habsburg power allowed France to obtain peace in the Treaty of Utrecht, and Philip V became the Spanish king. -
New foundation Laws (Part 1)
During the War of Spanish Succession, Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia (the members of crown of Aragon) supported archduke Charles of Austria. New Foundation laws (1707-1716) were a series of punishments imposed by Philip V (the victor of the war) to these kingdoms for not supporting him, in which he abolished their privileges and laws and applied them the laws of Castile, who had supported him in the war. Absolutism was imposed in Spain and Cortes of Castile became the general Cortes of Spain. -
New foundation Laws (Part 2)
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Treaty of Utrecht (Part 1)
The Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713, put an end to the War of Spanish Succession. In the Treaty it was agreed that Philip V or Philip of Anjou, the grandson of king Louis IV of France, would became king of Spain, but in condition Spain and France would never be united. As well as this, Spain was forced to give Flanders, Milan, Naples and Sardinia to the Austrians, Sicily to Savoy, and the island of Menorca and Gibraltar (in 1714) to England. -
Treaty of Utrecht (Part 2)
Although Spanish American and Pacific territories continued belonging to Spain. -
Louis I
He was king from 15th January 1724 to 31st August 1724. -
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Louis I
Louis I (1707-1724) was the eldest son of Philip V and Maria Luisa of Savoy. He was married to Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, a daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, the Duke of Orléans. Louis ruled for a seven months period, he started ruling when his father abdicated (14 January 1724) until his own death from smallpox the same year. His reign is the shortest one in Spanish history. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain -
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Philip V 2nd reign (Part 2)
Under Philip, Spain began to recover from the economic inactivity of the 17th century. Especially with the reforming minister Ensenada. Philip was succeded by his son with Maria Luisa, Ferdinand VI. Source:http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/philip-v-king-spain.html -
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Philip V 2nd reign (Part 1)
When Louis I died of smallpox, Philip V resumed his reign. Spain foreign policy continued to be governed by dynastic ambition and it was succesful for the Bourbon familly. In 1733, Spain and France signed the Family Compacts. This allowed the Spanish army with French help to recover Naples and Sicily in the War of the Polish Succession, which passed to Charles, Philip´s and Elizabeth´s son. Also in the War of the Austrian Succession, Parma and Piacenza passed to Charles´s younger brother Philip. -
The three Family Compacts
The fight for power between Britain and France during the 18th century placed Spain in a difficult situation. As Spain and France were connected by the Bourbon family, Spain was France´s junior partner. To show this the two countries signed the three Family Compacts in 1733, 1743 and 1761, in which Spain backed France´s interest. -
The first Family Compact
The first Family compact was signed in 1733. In this Compact France agreed with Spain that Spain had the right to recover his possessions in Italy in return for Spain´s support in the War of the Polish succession. Philip V´s second wife, Isabel Farnese of Parma, was obssesed with obtaining Italian kingdoms for her two sons. This Compact was beneficial and in 1743, Spain recovered Naples and Sicily. Isabel´s older son Charles III was crowned king of Naples. -
The second Family Compact
The second Compact resulted in the coronation of Charles III younger brother, Philip, as duke of Parma and Picenza in 1748, in exchange for Spanish support to France in the Austrian War of Succession. -
Ferdinand VI
He was king from 9th July 1746 to 10th August 1759. -
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Ferdinand VI (Part 1)
Ferdinand VI (1713-1759) was the second son of Philip V and Maria Luisa of Savoy. He was married to Bárbara de Braganza of portugal in 1729. His policy was based on reforming ministers, especially Marquis of Ensenada and José de Carvajal. His reign was characterized for the peace he maintained with france and Britain while both of them tried to make an alliance with Spain. During this period, the Marquis of Ensenada continued modernising the country. Ensenada created a new model of the treasury. -
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Ferdinand VI (Part 2)
He also created the Giro Real (a bank), modernised the navy, stimulated commerce in the Americas, he created the Royal Academy of the Fine Arts of San Fernando to cause cultural advancement, and church relationships were improved throught the Concordat in 1753. Carvajal helped Portugal and Spain sign the treaty of Madrid which ended problems in Río de la Plata. In 1759 Ferdinand VI died without an heir and his step brother, Charles III took over the throne. -
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Ferdinand VI (Part 3)
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Charles III
He was king from 10th August 1759 to 14th December 1788. -
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Charles III (Part 1)
Charles III (1716-1788) was the son of Philip V and Elizabeth Farnese. He was the king of Naples, and when his step brother, Ferdinand VI, died, he became king of Spain. He was married to María Amalia de Sajonia. The third Family Compact he signed with France, made Spain fight in the Seven years war and in the American war of independence. After this Charles III adopted the same peaceful policy as Ferdinand VI. During his reign the Esquilache riot ocurred and Jesuits were expelled. -
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Charles III (Part 2)
He was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment. His reign is characterised by religious tolerance; arts, science and education promotion; and economic improvements like creation of ``vales reales´´ (first paper currency) and the building of the bank of San Carlos (first state bank). He is also known as the best major of Madrid, because he made numerous improvements in Madrid. He died in 1788 and his heir was Charles IV.
Source:http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/carlos_iii.htm -
The third Family Compact
In this third Compact is was agreed that Spain would help France in the Seven Years war, as well as having political and commercial relationships with France. In 1762, Spain entered in the war but was a little bit unhelpful to France. The political and commercial relationships lasted more than the military ones. -
Treaty of Paris 1763 (Part 1)
The Treaty of Paris which came into effect in 1763, ended the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. The winner was Britain and the loser was France. France lost Quebec and Lousiana, Spain lost Florida and gained Lousiana, and Britain gained Quebec, Florida, Havana and Manila. -
Treaty of Paris 1763 (Part 2)
However Britain satisfaction for his victory didn´t last a lot, because in the 1770s the colonist started wanting the independence, and France sent troops to help them fight for it. This was a great measure of revenge that France had planned. Source: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris -
Esquilache riot (Part 1)
The 10th March 1766 the marquis of Esquilache prohibited the use of traditional long capes and wide-brimmed hats because they allowed criminals to cover their faces and weapons. Due to this and social unrest caused by the rise in the price of products, mainly bread, the 23th March Madrid population rioted in the Plaza Mayor. -
Esquilache riot (Part 2)
Finally the 24th March, the king, Charles III, ended the revolt by accepting the demands of the population, which were mainly prices reduction, Esquilache expelled from Spain, the Spanish government occupied by spanish ministers and permission for the use of long capes and wide-brimmed hats.
Source: http://paseandohistoria.blogspot.com.es/2010/05/el-motin-de-esquilache.html -
Jesuits expelled by Bourbons (Part 1)
Esquilache riot happened in 1766, and the jesuits were accused of producing it by Campomanes. Apart from it they had a lot of power in education and a lot of power in America, for this reason the bourbons wanted them out of Spain. The jesuits had been expelled from Portugal in 1759, and from France in 1762. In 1767 , between the 31st of march and the 2nd of April, they were expelled by Charles III from Spain with a fast and efective secret operation. -
Jesuits expelled by Bourbons (Part 2)
They were also expelled from Naples in 1767 and from the Duchy of Parma in 1768 (governed by Bourbons). The Pope Clemente XIV was pressured by catholic courts to dissolve the Jesuits company, so he dissolved it in 1773.
Source:http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/expulsion_jesuitas/expulsion_espana/ -
American declaration of independence (Part 1)
During the 1760s the British government taxed the colonists for British imports to help Britain recover from the overspendings of the Seven years war. These taxes were illegal because the colonists didn´t elect representatives for the British parliament (taxation without representation). Many colonist protested but the British government only punished them with the Intorelable Acts. One of them is that they closed the Boston port. -
The American declaration of Independence (Part 2)
The American declaration signed in 1776 by the Continental Congress, cancelled the 13 American colonies political relationship with Great Britain. It summarized the colonists´ motivations for wanting independence. And by this declaration the American government was able to confirm an alliance with France and obtain French assistance in the war aginst Great Britain. Source: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/declaration -
Charles IV
He was king from 14th December 1788 to 19th March 1808. -
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Charles IV (Part 1)
Charles IV (1748-1819) was the son of Charles III and María Amalia de Sajonia. He was married to María Luisa of Parma, and since he was more interested in hunting than in governing, the one who governed was his wife. He started governing in 1788, and wanted to continue with his father policies. He kept Count of Floridablanca, as his prime minister. However, the French revolution ocurred in 1789 and in 1792 he removed him from power because he didn´t want a revolution to happen in Spain. -
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Charles IV (Part 2)
In 1792, he named Aranda as prime minister, but later he replaced him for Godoy (some people say he was Maria Luisa´s lover). When Louis XVI was executed Godoy declared war on France, ending with the peace of Basle. Then Spain signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso and declared war on Great Britain. During his reign there were two wars against Britain, ending in 1802 and 1805. The detestation for Godoy and the Queen was increasing. In 1808 Charles IV abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand VII. -
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Charles IV (Part 3)
He asked for help to Napoleon, and Napoleon persuaded Ferdinand VII to abdicate, as well as Charles IV (abdications of Bayonne), giving the Spanish throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte. Charles IV was exiled and died in 1819.
Source: http://www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=carlos-iv-rey-de-espanna -
French revolution - Storming of the Bastille (Part 1)
During 1789, France was on the brink of revolution. There were bad harvests and France was bankrupt. Also, France had an ancient Regime society and the Enlightenment ideas were making people start to question king´s authority. In 1789 the Estates General met, the king, louis XVI, wanted to approve a reform in the tax system, however he didn´t have control over the meeting, and the third estate declared as a National Assembly. -
French Revolution - Storming of the Bastille (Part 2)
The Paris mob attacked and rioted the royal fortress prison called the Bastille because they were hungry, as a cause of the bad harvests. They saw the Bastille as a symbol of the king and his government, and wanted it destroyed. The mob killed the prison´s governor Marquis de Launay. The soldiers in and around Paris refused to stop the attack, showing the king that he had lost control of the army. This marked the start of the French Revolution. -
Execution of Louis XVI (Part 1)
When the revolution started, Louis XVI didn´t know what to do. On October 1789, the Paris mob attcked Louis palace and imprisioned him and his familly. The government at that time was the National Assembly, and between 1789-1791 Louis signed decretes from the Assembly so that they became law. However Louis continued helping the nobles who had escaped from France and wrote letters to other European countries asking for help. -
Execution of Louis XVI (Part 2)
He also tried to escape to Austria, but he was captured and returned to Paris. Finally the assembly declared Louis as their constitutional monarch and the 30th september 1891, when the constitution was proclaimed, Louis swore an oath of loyalty to it. However, the convention was elected on 1892 and put Louis on trial. Finally he was executed the 21st January 1793. The same year the reign of terror started. -
War of the Pyrenees (Part 2)
However, Spain was not able to prevent French army to penetrate Catalonia, Basque provinces and Navarre in 1794. The war ended the 22th July 1795, with a peace treaty in Basle, which made French retire from the Pyrenees, and Spain to give France a half of Santo Domingo island. -
War of the Pyrenees (Part 1)
After Louis XVI was executed in 1793 in France, the fear of republican contamination in Spain, with its hostility towards religion, public proverty and monarchy, led Spain to sign an alliance with Great Britain (Spain traditional enemy), the only country which could withstand France. This led France to declare war on Spain on March 1793. In April 1793, the Spanish army crossed the Pyrenees. The war was proclaimed as a crusade by the Church, and monarchy was defended. -
Treaty of San Ildefonso
In 1796, Spain was still fearful of British sea power and colonial ambitions. So Spain and France signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso, which was a military alliance between them, and declared war on Great Britain. This was disastrous to Spain; a Franco-Spanish fleet was destroyed, Trinidad island was taken by Britain, British ships blocked Cadiz and most of the trade with America was cut off. -
Napoleon First Consul
When the convention ended in France, the directory took control of the power (1795). However in 1798, the directory was experiencing a great crisis, so one of the directors began searching for a general who could control France. The 11th November 1799, Napoleon, one of France´s more succesful military generals, seized power through a ``coup d´état´´ (also called Coup de Brumaire). After this he was made First Consul of France and a new constitution was introduced. -
Battle of Trafalgar (Part 1)
This battle was the result of a failed attempt by Napoleon of distracting British army in order to invade British islands. When the French-Spanish navy, led by Pierre Villeneuve, got defearted at Finisterre, they escaped to Cadiz. Napoleon ordered them to attack British ships which were blocking French trade routes. However Villeneuve didn´t attack until he heard rumours of his dismissal. When he attacked the battle of Trafalgar started. -
Battle of Trafalgar (Part 2)
It was a battle between the French-Spanish navy led by Villeneuve and the British navy led by Horatio Nelson. In the battle the French-Spanish navy was defeated due to the bad leadership Villeneuve gave. Despite winning the battle, Horatio Nelson was injured and died.
Source: http://www.batallasdeguerra.com/2011/12/la-batalla-de-trafalgar.html -
Treaty of Fontainebleau (Part 1)
Napoleon wanted to conquer Spain. He started doing this in 1807 with the treaty of Fontainebleau. It was a political agreement made between Napoleon and Charles IV, in which he forced Spain to join him in order to invade Portugal´s ports, which were still open to British ships. This casued a gap in Napoleon´s continental system (the exclusion of British ships from all continental ports, through he hoped Britain to give up). Portugal was quickly invaded. -
Treaty of Fontainebleau (Part 2)
However through this invasion, Napoleon set his army on Spanish ground, which was his principal intention.
Source:http://historywarsweapons.com/treaty-of-fontainebleau-1807/ -
Ferdinand VII
He was king from 19th March 1808 to 6th May 1808, and from 11th December 1813 to 29th September 1833. -
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Ferdinand VII 1st reign
Ferdinand VII (1784-1833) was the third son of Charles IV and Maria Luisa of Parma. During his childhood, his tutor Escoiquiz made him distrust and hate is parents, as well as Godoy. He was married to María Antonia of Naples in 1802, however she died in 1806 childless. In 1808 he carried out Aranjuez riot, which caused Godoy to be removed from power and his father to abdicate. He was proclaimed king, however he was called to Bayonne by Napoleon, which made him resign and exiled him in Bayonne. -
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Peninsular War (Part 1)
When Charles IV and Ferdinand VII went to Bayonne and the fact that a lot French troops were in Spain, announced an inminent takeover by the French. Since the spaniard´s ruling passions were national pride and devotion to their religion, they revolt against the French invaders the 2nd of May 1808, which marked the beginning of the war. The violence that French troops used to end this uprising in Madrid caused spaniards resistance to French invasion, which caused the French defeat at Baylen. -
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Peninsular War (Part 2)
After this Spain started a new stage of the war called ``guerrilla´´, when irregular forces and bands constantly harassed the French armies, forcing Napoleon to send a lot of troops to Spain, which helped to cause Napoleon´s defeat. In 1811 Napoleon had conquered all Spain except Cadiz. In 1808 an army made up of British, Spanish and Portuguese soldiers and led by Wellington started counterattacking the French, and continued until the total Frech defeat in 1814 in a battle at Catalonia. -
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Peninsular War (Part 3)
During the war two types of government coexisted: the central council, which took refuge in Cadiz, represented the absent Ferdinand VII and issued the first Spanish constitution; and Joseph I´s government which imposed the Bayonne Constitution and whose supporters were called ``afrancesados´´. When the war ended, Ferdiand came back to Spain, and restored absolutism. This generated great conflicts with liberals.
Source:http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/romance/spanish/219/09independencia/resumen.html -
Abdications of Bayonne (Part 1)
When Aranjuez riot happen (an attack to Godoy´s palace which was led by Ferdinand VII and removed Godoy from his power), Charles IV abdicated in favour of Ferdinand VII. However he didn´t want to abdicate so he travelled to Bayonne in search of Napoleon´s help. Ferdinand VII also travelled to Bayonne. There Napoleon forced Ferdinand to abdicate in favour of Charles. Then Charles abdicated in favour of Napoleon, who gave the Spanish throne to his brother Joseph Bonaparte. -
Abdications of Bayonne (Part 2)
Charles and Ferdinand were detained in Bayonne, where they were given pensions and estates. This led to the Peninsular War.
Source: http://www.recursosacademicos.net/web/2010/04/03/las-abdicaciones-de-bayona/ -
Joseph I
He was king from 6th June 1808 to 11th December 1813. -
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Joseph I (Part 1)
Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844) was the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was named king of Spain by Napoleon in 1808 after the abdications of Bayonne, and during the war of independence. He promulgated the Bayonne Constitution to gain the support of the illustrated spaniards, called ``afrancesados´´. He didn´t have popular support and the people gave him nicknames, like ``Pepe Botella´´, although he did not get drunk, and ``Pepe Plazuelas´´ because he modernised the capital. -
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Joseph I (Part 2)
He could not end the war of independence, and he had to fight with the central council, which represented the absent Ferdinand VII in the areas not occupied by the French. He had to escape in 1813, and his brother (Napoleon) named Ferdinand VII as king of Spain in the treaty of Valençay (11th December 1813).
Source:http://www.artehistoria.com/v2/personajes/6581.htm -
First Constitution (Part 1)
During the Peninsular war a national assembly (Cortes) had been elected and set up in Cadiz (in the name of Ferdinand VII). In 1812 they created and issued a liberal constitution (popularly called ``La Pepa´´). His principles were: constitutional monarchy, national sovereignty, universal male suffrage, separation of powers, freedom of the press, right to privacy and prohibition of torture (this marked the end of Inquisition). -
First Constitution (Part 2)
When the peninsular war ended in 1814, Ferdinand VII, who had promised to maintain the constitution, eliminated it. Also, he removed the liberal leaders, who were exiled, imprisioned or shot. By this he restored absolute rule. -
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Ferdinand VII 2nd reign
In December 1813, Napoleon recognised Ferdinand VII as king of Spain in the treaty of Valençay and declared the peninsular war ended, although it continued for some months. He returned to Spain on March 1814 and he continued his reign, which can be divided into 3 periods.
Sources:http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/historia/monarquia/fernando7.shtml and http://www.uchbud.es/temas/fernandoVII.pdf -
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Ferdinand VII 2nd reign 1st period ``El Sexenio Absolutista´´
When Ferdinand came back to Spain, some absolutists presented him the ``Manifiesto de los Persas´´ in which they asked him to restore ancient regime and eliminate the 1812 Constitution. In May 1814 he signed Valencia decree and restored absolutism. This period is marked by the poor economic situation of Spain due to the war, the crisis, plus American colonies´ desire for independence. Numerous failed pronunciamientos were made by liberals until Riego´s one succeed in 1820. -
Riego´s pronunciamiento (Part 1)
When Ferdinand VII returned to Spain he threw out the Constitution, and threw out the Liberal leaders. This caused dissatisfaction in general, but especially in the army. In 1820 the commander Rafael de Riego made Riego´s pronunciamiento. It was a coup d´etat in Cabezas de San Juan (Sevilla), which made the king restore the Constitution. This led to the imposition of Spanish liberalism to Ferdinand´s absolutist regime, and marked the end of Ferdinand´s 1st period and the start of his 2nd period. -
Riego´s pronunciamiento (Part 2)
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Ferdinand VII 2nd reign 2nd period ``El Trienio Liberal´´
In 1820 Riego´s pronunciamiento made Ferdinand VII restore the 1812 Constitution and liberalism. The liberals divided into two groups: young ones and old ones. This period was characterised by political reforms , which promulgated the penal code, comerce and industry freedom, and church land confiscation. These reforms made the chuch oppose to liberals. There were continuous clashes between the king and liberals which made Ferdinand ask the Holy alliance for help, and it restored absolutism. -
Cien mil hijos de San Luis (Holy Alliance) (Part 1)
In 1820 Ferdinand VII was forced to restore the Constitution by Riego´s pronunciamiento. He asked the ``Holy Alliance´´ for help. The ``Holy Alliance´´ (Austria, Russia and Prussia) was dedicated to the repression of liberal movements, so they ageed to Spain´s invasion by Louis XVIII of France. In 1823 Cien mil hijos de San Luis, a French army made up of one hundred thousand men and led by duke of Angulema invaded Spain, drove out the liberals, and re-established Ferdinand absolutist regime. -
Cien mil hijos de San Luis (Holy Alliance) (Part 2)
In November commander Riego was executed. This marked the start of Ferdinand´s 3rd period.
Source:http://www.laguia2000.com/espana/los-cien-mil-hijos-de-san-luis -
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Ferdinand VII 2nd reign 3rd period ``La Década Ominosa´´
In 1823, the Holy alliance sent ``Cien Mil Hijos de San Luis´´ which restored absolutism. This period is marked by the reforms to end Spanish crisis and by the succession problem. Ferdinand had married 3 times, but had not had any children. In 1829 he married to María Cristina and she had a girl, Isabella. In 1830 he passed the pragmatic sanction (repealed between 1832 and 1833) which allowed Isabella to reign. Ferdinand died in 1833, leaving the throne to Isabella and starting the Carlist wars. -
Pragmatic Sanction (Part 1)
In 1713 the salic law, which excludes females from the line of succesion, was approved. In 1789, this law was repealed but the pragmatic was not promulgated. Ferdinand VII married four times, and the only heir he had was his daughter Isabella. In 1830 he promulgated the pragmatic sanction which abolished the Salic Law and made Isabella the queen after his death. His brother Don Carlos didn´t accept this sanction because he was excluded from the hereditary line. -
Pragmatic Sanction (Part 2)
Since the liberals supported Isabella, and the supporters of the old regime backed Ferdinand´s brother Don Carlos, the Carlist wars were brought about.
Source:http://www.fuenterrebollo.com/faqs-numismatica/pragmatica-sancion.html -
Isabella II
She was queen from 29th September 1833 to 30th September 1868. -
Maria Cristina
She was regent from 29th September 1833 to 12th October 1840. -
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Regency of María Cristina (Part 1)
María Cristina of Bourbon (1806-1878) was the 4th wife of Ferdinand VII and the mother of Isabella II. When Ferdinand died, she assumed the regency because Isabella was minor. Her regency was marked by the first Carlist Civil War, which wanted to put Don Carlos on the throne and to impose absolutism. María adopted a liberal policy because she wanted the support of liberals and to maintain Isabella on the throne. In 1834 the ``Estatuto real´´ was established, however in 1836, it was removed. -
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Regency of María Cristina (Part 2)
In 1835, there was an expropriation of Church goods. In 1837, a new liberal Constitution was established. Her popularity decreased a lot due to bad decisions she was taking, and in 1840 general Espartero, who had defeated the carlist, made Cristina renounce to the regency and he took it the following year. María Cristina was exiled to France, however she returned in 1843 and had a great influence on Isabella II reign.
Source:http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/m/maria_cristina_deborbon.htm -
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First Carlist Civil War (Part 1)
In 1830, Ferdinand VII promulgated the pragmatic sanction, which eliminated the Salic law, so Isabella II would be queen, and eliminated Ferdinand brother, Don Carlos; from the successory line. When Ferdinand died in 1833 and the war broke out, Carlos rebelled against Isabella II and proclaimed himself as king. Don Carlos supporters were absolutists who defended ancient regime, and were located mainly in the north of Spain. Austria, Prussia, Russia and the Papal states supported Don Carlos. -
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First Carlist Civil War (Part 2)
In order to protect Isabella II, the regent Maria Cristina adopted a liberal policy. Her supporters were liberals and absolutism reformist, and were mainly located in the south. Portugal, England and France supported Isabella. At the start, the carlists won umerous battles. But as the war progressed, they lost numerous battles, including a failed Madrid invasion. The liberal win happened in 1839, in a battle at Bilbao, with the ``Abrazo de Vergara´´, between the generals Espartero and Maroto. -
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First Carlist Civil War (Part 3)
In exchange of Carlist´s Isabella acceptation, they won the amnesty and their union to the army. Although the Carlist got defeated, they did not lost their ideas and claims.
Source: http://www.apunteshistoria.info/guerras-carlistas-resumen -
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Isabella II (Part 1)
Isabella II (1830-1904) was the daughter of Ferdinand VII and Maria Cristina of Bourbon. She was proclaimed queen when her father died, but because she was minor, two regencies took place. One of them carried by hes mother Maria Cristina, and the other by Espartero. Her proclamation caused the first Carlist War. After Espartero decided to go on exile in 1743, her legal age was anticipated and she assumed the reigns of government. In 1846 she married to Francisco of Asís against her will. -
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Isabella II (Part 2)
She found refuge of her unhappy marriage in relationships with mainly revolutionary politicals. At the beginning of her reign in 1843, the moderate liberal party took the power, starting a ten year period called ``Década Moderada´´. During this period a Constitution was established (1845), a Concordat was signed (1851) and a financial reform was carried out. There were several pronunciamientos, and in a revolt in 1854, the progressive party took the power, starting the ``Bienio Progresista´´. -
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Isabella II (Part 3)
During this period a new Constitution was established and economic laws were approved. After this period, Isabella reign was marked by political descomposition and delegitimization of the crown. In 1868 the Spanish Glorious revolution ended her reign and sent her into exile to France (she did not renounce to the crown). There she abdicated in favour of his son Alfonso XII in 1870.
Source:http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/historia/monarquia/isabel2.shtml -
Espartero
He was regent from 8th May 1841 to 30th July 1843. -
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Regency of Espartero (Part 1)
Espartero (1793-1879) was elected regent of Spain in May 1841. He ruled in an authoritarian manner, without subjecting himself to the control of the courts. During his regency he accelerated the confiscation of church property, and Basque-Navarre privileges were cut. He also signed a free trade agreement with Great Britain, which generated a revolt in 1842 in Barcelona. He ended the revolt by bombing Barcelona. This angered the population and in 1843 a militar revolt was started by Narváez. -
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Regency of Espartero (Part 2)
Narváez troops defeated Espartero and he decided to go into exile. The Cortes decided to anticipate Isabella II legal age, although she was only thirteen, and she started to reign.
Source:http://ies.migueldelibes.torrejondelacalzada.educa.madrid.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=649:122-isabel-ii-1833-1843-las-regencias&catid=41:deptgeografia&Itemid=94 -
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Second Carlist Civil War
These war was the result of a failed attempt to marry Isabella II to Charles Luis, the heir of Charles V (Don Carlos). At the end Isabella married Francisco of Asís. The war was more similar to a popular uprissing, which took place in Catalonia. The Carlists joined to the republicans fought against the liberals. The war ended in 1849 with the liberal victory.
Source: http://www.apunteshistoria.info/guerras-carlistas-resumen -
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Spanish Glorious Revolution (Part 1)
The last years of Isabella II´s reign were marked by political descomposition and delegitimization of the crown. The economic crisis of 1866 angered the population. The death of O´Donnell caused the liberal union, led by Francisco Serrano and the progressive party, led by Juan Prim to be more united to end Isabella reign. In 1866, the liberals and the democrats signed the Ostende pact, in which they join to remove Isabella from power. The revolution broke out in September 1868. -
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Spanish Glorious Revolution (Part 2)
It started with Prim, Serrano and admiral Topete pronunciamiento in Cadiz. It ended in the battle of Alcolea (near Cordoba), with the revolutionary victory. Isabella II went into exile the 30th September. This started the period known as the ``Sexenio Democrático´´.
Source:http://www.iesmontilivi.net/arees/Ciencies%20Socials/web/2Bat/HistoriaComuna/apunts/03%20Sexenni%20Democr%C3%A0tic/Revoluci%C3%B3n%20de%20Septiembre%20de%201868.pdf -
Amadeus of Savoy
He was king from 2nd January 1871 to 11th February 1873. -
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Amadeus of Savoy (Part 1)
Amadeus of savoy (1845-1890) or Amadeus I of Spain was the son of Vittorio Emanuele I, king of Italy, and María Adelaida of Austria. In 1870 he was elected king of Spain in the Cortes . He arrived at Spain and was proclaimed king in 1871. Amadeus reign was filled of problems: the Carlists, republicans and supporters of Alfonso XII rejected him; appart from them the aristrocacy and the Church were also opposed to him. -
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Amadeus of Savoy (Part 2)
As the progressists were divided into two groups, the conflicts between them were increasingly big. Also two wars started: one in Cuba and the third Carlist war. As a consequence of all this, Amadeus abdicated in 1873. The first republic started.
Source:http://www.selectividad.tv/S_H_1_1_13_S_el_sexenio_democratico_1868-1874:_el_reinado_de_amadeo_i_y_la_i_republica..html -
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Third Carlist Civil War (Part 1)
The third and last Carlist War started in 1872, when Isabella II had been dethroned and after the beginning of the failed reign of Amadeus of Savoy. The Carlist wanted Charles VII to take the power and throne of Spain. This war took place mainly in Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and the Basque Country between the Carlists, and the governments of Amadeus of Savoy, the first republic and Alfonso XII. -
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Third Carlist Civil War (Part 2)
At the beginning the Carlist won some battles, however they were defeated in 1876 in a battle at Catalonia by Alfonso XII´s army and Charles VII escaped to France. This supposed the end of the Carlists wars. Alfonso XII, who had been king of Spain since 1874 won the nickname ``el Pacificador´´.
Source: http://www.apunteshistoria.info/guerras-carlistas-resumen -
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First republic (Part 1)
When Amadeus abdicated, the first republic started in Spain. The republic was elected by the Cortes and the two main parties were the radical party and the federal republican party. In June the Cortes started a federal republic, which caused the division of the republicans. Appart from this, the republic had two more major problems, the wars (third Carlist War and war in Cuba) and the demand for greater regional autonomy in Andalucia, Levante and Catalonia. -
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First republic (Part 2)
The republic passed a series of radical reforms, like the separation of the state and the Church. Its four presidents were: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón y Emilio Castelar. Due to republican problems, general Pavía made a military coup, and put down the republic. In December 1874, Alfonso XII was restored as king of Spain ending the ``Sexenio Democrático´´.
Source:http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/historia/monarquia/republica1.shtml
