-
Jun 15, 1215
The Magna Carta
The Magna Carta was created June 1215, and it was one of the first documents that would limit certain people's power; it would become a very influential document, as it would be used as a model for other revolutionizing documents. Every King of Queen of England listened to this document until King James I. The Magna Carta said no ruler was above the law, and King James I decided he was. -
Jul 24, 1567
James VI Crowned King of Scotland
James VI was crowned king of Scotland before he would later goes on to become King James I of England after he inherits the throne -
James VI Marries Anne of Denmark
James VI marries Anne of Denmark, and traveled to Denmark to retrieve her. On the way back he was delayed by bad weather and numerous woman were out on trial for being witches whom sent the bad weather. There was witch-hunt fever in Denmark, which influenced James, and afterwards he became obsessed with witches. They had four children together and the last, Charles, would go on to become the next king. -
James VI Writes The Daemonologie
James VI wrote the Daemonologie denoucing witchcraft. -
The True Laws of Free Monarchies Published
James I believed in the divine right of kings; this manuscript he published states these beliefs. This belief of his was that the King was above all else(only below go himself), and even if you are a bad king you will only be able to be punished by god. He believed that a king did not need the support of parliament; these beliefs are direct violations of terms set out in the Magna Carta. These beliefs would be passed down onto his son, and eventually would get them into a whole slew of troubles. -
Charles I Born
Charles I was the fourth, and last child of King James I and Anne of Denmark. He would go on to become King after his father's reign has ended. -
James Inherits the Throne of England.
King James VI of Scotland becomes King James I of England when Queen Elizabeth of the House of Tudors dies with out a heir, and James, her cousin, inherits the throne. When took control of the English throne he unites the two kingdoms of Scotland, and England; however, each continued to have their own parliament, legal courts, etc. When the kingdoms are united he creates a new seal consisting of an English red rose on the right, and a Scottish thistle on the left with a crown over top. -
The Gunpowder Plot
Catholics were not happy with James I rule; they were especially not happy with the fines for not attending Anglican service. So, a group of Catholics conspired to tunnel underneath parliament, fill up a chamber with gunpowder, and blow up parliament while it was in session. Robert Catesby led the plot, and when the plot was discovered all of the offenders were put on trial for treason and proven guilty. -
James I does not call Paraliment for the next 7 years
James I could have used the Gunpowder plot to help him bond with parliament, but instead he pushes them away. He only calls the in for money, and eventually between 1614 and 1621 he did not call parliament at all. -
Death of King James I
King James I died and left a reign full of short comings and things just waiting for his son, Charles, to muck up. -
Charles I becomes the King
-
King Charles Marries Henrietta Maria
Charles I married Henrietta Maria whom is French. Not many are happy with this decision because she is catholic, He himself does not go to France to marry her, but sent a duke in his name instead because it was a catholic ceremony. They have another protestant wedding when she comes to England. -
Duke of Buckingham is assassinated
The Duke of Buckingham was James I best friend, and was one of Charles closest advisors whom helped him rule because he refused to call parliament for anything but money. Earlier, parliament had tried to dismiss Buckingham, but Charles I dismissed them instead. -
The Petition of Right
King Charles I calls parliament again after 11 years because the money has run out after his illegal methods(forced loans, ship money, tunnage and poundage, billeting of soldiers with homeowners, and the sale of titles of nobility) were not longer working. Parliament would not agree to give him more money unless he signed this. The Petition of Right is a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of subjects that the king cannot infringe on -
Charles I Dissolves Parliament and Begins 11 years of personal rule.
-
Charles II Born
-
Oliver Cromwell Elected to Paraliment for the Second Time
-
The Short Parliament
After 11 years of personal rule Charles I calls back parliament to raise money for war, and try to get help to quell the resistance in Scotland. He finds no support. -
Charles I Dissolves the Short Parliament and the Marches to Scotland
After finding no support he dissolves the Short Parliament(which only lasted for three weeks). He decides to march on the Scots, and hopes along the way he will get support. The army failed to beat the Scottish at Newburn, and it is the first win for the Scots in decades. -
The Long Parliament is Called
Charles I finally called parliament again, but yet again only calls them for money reasons. He had not enough money to finance an army and there was rebellions that needed squashing. Parliament, however, was still(obviously) not supportive of the king. Parliament was starting to become divided between those who supported the King, Royalists, and those who were in favour of Parliament whom were led by John Pym. -
The Earl of Strafford is Impeached by Parliament
-
The Grand Remonstrance
Charles I was forced to sign the Grand Remonstrance that required Charles to call parliament regularly among other things so they could keep better control. -
Archbishop Laud is Impeached by Parliament
-
The Court of Star Chamber Abolished
-
Charles I Storms Parliament
Charles thought if he were able to arrest the creators of the Grand Remonstrance he would have Parliament back on his side because it only passed by 11 votes. So, Charles has the great idea of storming into parliament with 500 soldiers to arrest the MPs. The scheme, however, did not work out very well. The MPs were alerted before hand and escaped. This was in violation of the rights of parliament so Charles just made more enemies instead of support. -
Civil War Begins
Rebellions have sprung up in the streets, and Charles flees London, heading north, to Nottingham where he has support. August 22, 1642 Charles I raises his Standard at Nottingham, effectively declaring war on parliament. -
The Battle of Edgehill
This was the first great battle of the Civil War; the outcome was indecisive for which side won. The year, however, that followed swung the King's way. -
Louis XIV Crowned King of France
-
The Battle of Marston Moor
The Battle of Marston Moor was the turning point for Parliament, and here they were triumphant; it occurred just outside of York. -
Execution of Archbishop Laud.
-
The Creation of the New Model Army
The New Model Army was created by the roundheads, and would become a great turning point for their side. Without it, they may never have won the Civil War. The New Model Army was the start of modern warfare. The army was a 22,000 strong professional fighting force that Cromwell and parliamentary commander Sir Thomas Fairfax were organizing to replace the regional system militias. -
The Decisive Victory of the Civil War
At Naseby the roundheads won the decisive victory of the Civil War. They took around five thousand prisoners, and worst of all they captured the King's private correspondence. These correspondences were proof of the ultimate betrayal to Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Members of the New Model army because he was plotting with to get rid of the law against Roman Catholics. The Battle of Naseby left Charles I at the mercy of the New Model Army. -
Charles and the Scots
As Parliamentarians closed around him Charles gave himself up to the Scots in the hope they would protect him. Instead, they gave him up to parliament. -
Charles I is handed over to Parliament
Charles I was handed over to Parliament, and imprisoned in Holdenby House, Northamptonshire. -
The Putney Debates
Radical ideas had flourished during the war, and they had custody of the King; this meant they had the power to shape the kingdom's future with new ideas. These debates were used to try and decide on a new constitution. -
Charles I Escapes Holdenby House
Charles I escaped Holdenby House and headed to the Isle of Wight, but he had been informed incorrectly about where there were royal sympathies. He soon found himself behind another set of bars in Carisbrooke Castle. -
Pride's Purge
All members of parliament who were suspected to be compromisers with the king, or royalist sympathizers were either turned away or arrested; this left only the ones in favour of the execution of Charles I. Parliament was purged of anyone who might not support Cromwell. Pride's Purge left only 60 members known as "Rump Parliament". -
Trial of Charles I Begins
-
Charles I Executed at Whithall, London
Cromwell had forced all of Parliament who did not agree with the execution to sign the warrant. People were afraid of what will happen next with no king. Some thought everything would get better, but Cromwell became a military dictator. -
Charles II Proclaimed the King of the Scots
-
Oliver Cromwell Arrives in Ireland
Oliver Cromwell set out to conquer the Irish and Scottish because they are Catholic and Presbyterian. He was brutal, and slaughtered several thousand. He would even burn down those who took refuge in church; in turn there was resentment of Oliver Cromwell in Ireland and Scotland. -
Charles II is Crowned
-
Charles II escapes to France
Charles II escapes to France by hiding up an oak tree. -
Cromwell Dissolves the Rump Parliament
-
The Lord Protector of England.
Oliver Cromwell replaced a Monarch with a Dictator. His supporters urged him to take the crown, but he felt he could not. Cromwell created the Blue Laws, which followed the strict Puritan beliefs. He was also drawn to political power and famously strode into parliament declaring, "Take away this bauble!" -
Oliver Cromwell Dies
Oliver Cromwell Dies, and leaves his son, Richard, as his successor; he is accepted by the council of the officers and Army to become the new Lord Protector of England. -
Richard Cromwell Resigns
-
George Monck and the Long Parliament
George Monck said the Long Parliament needed to dissolve, and finally the Long Parliament finally dissolves its self. After the dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell England was ready to welcome back a monarchy. -
England Officaly Welcomes Back the Monarchy with Charles II
-
Mary Stuart Marries William of Orange
-
Charles II Dies
His death creates a problem for parliament because his heir, James II, was openly Catholic, and Catholics were not tolerated in England. -
James II Becomes King of England
James II is not exactly wanted in England because he is openly Catholic, and rebellions broke out in support of Charles’s illegitimate son. James II instituted a reign of terror because of the revolts. -
The Glorious Revolution
James II has a son, and parliament invited James II's protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, to become joint King and Queen of England. James II supporter were starting to leave, so James also left; he abdicated the throne, and Mary and William of Orange became the rulers because they agreed to a constitutional monarchy. This was the first time the ruler was chosen by parliament, and divine right was dead. -
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights set out the limits of the power of the crown, rights of parliament, freedom of speech in parliament, and invited Mary and William od Orange to become the sovereigns of England. It made it clear that the parliament was the real government of the country, not the monarchy. -
Mechanical Seed Sower Invented
It permits large scale planting in rows, and easier cultivation. -
First Sucessful Steam Engine Invented
-
Louis XV Inherits the French Crown
During his reign he fought the losing battle of the seven years war, which helped send France into enormous debt. -
Four Year Crop Rotation Introduced
-
The Birth of Jean Paul Marat
-
Cast Iron Process Invented
-
Period: to
The Seven Years War
-
Birth of Louis XVI
-
The Birth of Marie Antoinette
-
The Birth of Maximilien Robespierre
-
The Fall of Quebec
Quebec surrendered to the British. -
The Treaty of Paris
The treaty stops fighting between the French and the British for the control of North America. France gives control of all Canadian properties to England(expect for Louisiana which went to Spain). Quebec is now under British control, and ruled through military rule. Language, business and culture, however, are allowed to continue on. -
The Royal Proclamation
King George announced that the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, including the Ohio Valley, were not open for speculation. The people who were in those lands were ordered, forcibly removed. The 13 colonies are stuck where they are, and cannot move any father west. Natives get the Ohio Valley because the British are trying to keep them happy. It made Britain seem more interested in the good of the natives, not the colonists. It made the colonists feel like second class citizens. -
The Spinning Jenny is Invented
-
The Stamp Act
The Stamp Act is a small tax on many goods and some government services. The tax was in a form of a stamp that people had to buy and put on everything. It was supposed to pay for the cost of defending the American colonies, at least that is what England said. Americans were angered because they had no say in what the tax was, where the collected tax went, and the fact that they had no representation. This is where their slogan "no taxation without representation" comes from. -
The Sons of Liberty Beginning of Influence
Around this time is when the Sons of Liberty started to use this formal name through out the colonies, and would lead a development pattern for future colony resistance. The Sons of Liberty relied on large public demonstrations to expand their base and get their messages out. -
Repeal of the Stamp Act
People did not respond well to the Stamp act. Officers sent to enforce the act were often attacked, tarred, and feathered. Houses of government officials were targeted. The protests and lawlessness scared many politicians. Few were brave enough to enforce the tax. Until in 1766 the Americans finally got what they wanted: the removal in 1766. -
The Birth of Napoleon
-
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was an event that happened when a mob of colonists formed, mainly young men who had just lost their jobs, and attacked British troops. The Officer, Captain Preston, told them to hold their fire, but one solider did not. Eventually the soldiers fired on the crowd killing three; however, it was made out by Paul Revere to be a "bloody massacre" even though only 13 men died in total. This was the main event leading to the revolutionary war. -
Louis XVI Marriage to Marie Antoinette
-
The Tea Act
The Tea Act was the final spark needed to launch the revolutionary movement in Boston. This was not a formal ta, but Britain gave the East India Trading Company a monopoly on the importation of tea when they reduced the duties only on their tea. The colonies could get their tea at a cheaper price, but that meant if they did they would be acknowledging parliament could tax them. It was seen as "taxation without representation" yet again. -
The Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was in reaction to the Tea Act. Members of the Sons of Liberty, with the leader Samuel Adams, disguised them as Mohawk natives, and climbed aboard three East India Trading Company ships in the middle of the night in the harbour. They then proceeded to dump 45 tons of tea in the harbour. Samuel Adams said the Tea Party was the only remaining option for the people to defend their constitutional rights. -
The Intolerable/Coercive Acts
In Britain the Boston Tea Party was thought to be appalling, and the action had to be punished. They responded by putting in the Coercive(intolerable) Acts. The people thought these acts were in direct violation of their "Natural Rights". -
The Boston Port Act - an Intolerable Act
The Boston Port Act closed the Boston harbour until the people repaid the East India Trading Company the worth of the 45 tons of tea that was thrown in the harbour. No more ships could go in and out of the port, and in turn many people lost their jobs because they relied on the busy ports of Boston. -
Loui XVI Becomes the King of France
-
The Administration of Justice Act - an Intolerable Act
The Administration of Justice Act meant that anytime there was to be a trial of a British official their trial could be moved to any other colony, or even to Britain if it was thought they would not have a "fair" trial in the colonies. With this any British official to get away with any crime because most witnesses could not afford to leave their jobs for so long even though travel expenses would be paid for. -
The Massachusetts Government Act - an Intolerable Act
The Massachusetts Government Act meant Britain, and the British subjects in the colony now picked their government. This altered Massachusetts's government so it was now under control of the British. Plus now of any group there could not be more than one annual meeting, unless approved by the government. This was to try and stop groups from being able to plot against them, and if caught having a meeting you would be under arrest. -
The Quartering Act of 1774 - an Intolerable Act
The Quartering Act applied to all colonies and the governor could enforce it. Soldiers now could go to any house demanding food and bed. If there was no suitable bed they could go anywhere else; you just had to put them up somewhere, and you would get nothing in return. It was also used as a mean of searching people's houses. -
The Quebec Act
The Quebec act changed Quebec from the British military rule to a British Colony. The Colonists had a problem with it because it allowed the Catholic Church to continue, and the borders were father west than the 13 colonies. The British wanted to keep the French happy because they did not want them to join up with rebels in the 13 colonies. This was around the same time as the Intolerable acts, but not part of the same legislature; however it can be seen as one because it did anger the colonies. -
The First Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, and all colonies but Georgia sent delegates. 56 men met originally in response to the Intolerable Acts. Eventually a core set of tasks was carried out, and it was agreeable that the king and parliament must be made to see their error. It was decided on by late October of 1774 that they would meet again. -
Watt's Steam Engine Invented; the First Efficent Steam Engine
-
Lexington and Concord
The colonies had been stocking weapons incase of war, and the British found out. Paul Revere rode ahead to warn the Americans, and all of the weapons were moved. The minutemen got ready and lined up against the British in Lexington. The "shot heard round the world" was fired here, and the revolution began. -
The Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress meets yet again in Philadelphia soon after warfare had began. They helped to manage the colonial war efforts, and the move towards independence. They agreed that the Continental Army would be created help thwart the British, and sent The Olive Branch Petition to King George III to help result in a peaceful resolution(it was denied). -
The Invention of the Steamship
-
The Battle of Bunker Hill
The Americans occupied Breed's Hill in Charleston in order to protect the shipyard of nearby Boston. The British attacked, but the Americans had built a massive mud wall to help protect them. They were out numbered and low in ammunition. To conserve ammunition the men were told , "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes. The Americans eventually retreat, but the British have already lost a lot of men. -
The Declaration of Independance
The Declaration of Independence was a document created, and voted on by the Continental Congress to help declare why the 13 colonies should be independent from Britain, and point out the king's and parliament's grievances. It asserted the natural and legal rights of the people. -
The Battle of Brooklyn
This was the first official battle after the Declaration of Independence. The British tried to advance on the Americans, led by General George Washington, in New York so they could be trapped. The Americans were surrounded, but they held their ground till nightfall when they retreated under the cover of darkness. This was the first British Victory. -
Washington Crosses the Delaware
At Trenton Washington crossed the frozen Delaware river to attack the Hessians(German soldiers hired by the British) on Christmas night while they are drunk from celebrating. The battle was short and resulted in 900 prisoners. -
Princeton
At New Jersey Washington drives the British out shortly after Trenton. The Americans have some badly needed victories to gain ammunition, and morale. -
The Battle of Saratoga
This was the turning point for the revolutionary war. The British have a three pronged plan that goes wrong when trying to surround the Americans in Saratoga, New York. The three "prongs" of the British army go in the wrong directions, and the Americans are able to win the battle. The French now send help over with ships and troops. The war is now in favour of the Americans. -
Savannah
The British had seized Savannah months earlier, and the Americans and French try to take it back. The British win with many casualties for the Americans and French. The battle shows that the British are still winning battles in the south. -
The Battle of Yorktown
Here is the American Victory that won and ended the revolutionary war. British General Cornwallis stood against the British with no reinforcements, but the Americans won the battle and the war. Cornwallis surrendered, and one of the best armies in the world lost to the underdogs. -
The Treaty of Paris(1782)
This Treaty of Paris was signed and King George III announced the recognition of 13 colonies independence. France, Spain, and the Netherlands(all allies of the Americans) also signed peace documents. The Treaty of Paris said at least 9 out of the 13 colonies had to endorse it, and the process was finally completed January 1874. It extended America's western boundary, and made Britain recognize them as independent country. -
Napoleon Meets Joesphine
-
Napoleon Graduates from Ecole Militaire with a Rank of Second Lieutenant in the Artillery
-
Napoleon is Given Command of French Army in Italy
-
The American Constitution
They did not want the same thing that happened with Cromwell; they wanted to have checks and balances. Inspired by enlightened thinkers the constitution separated government into three branches to avoid tyranny. They wanted to make sure no one and more power than another. In 1788 the U.S officially adopts the constitution. -
The First Meeting of the Estates-General Since 1614
The king summoned the Estates-General for the first time since 1614. -
The Tennis Court Oaths
This was a pivotal event during the beginning of the French Revolution. The Third Estate was locked out of the meeting of the Estates-General when they went on break, so they found the only other empty room: the tennis courts. There they took an oath, and it would go on to inspire many other revolutionary acts. -
The Formation of the National Assembly and the Beginning of the French Revolution
The Estates-General ended with the Third Estates forming the National Assembly because the Third Estate wanted everyone to vote as individuals. It signaled the beginning of the French Revolution. -
The Storming of the Bastille
Mobs of workers stormed the Bastille, a royal prison, not for the few political prisoners held but for weapons in fear that Louis XVI would assemble his army. The people took over the Bastille, and gather the ammunition and weapons while taking it down brick by brick. -
The Great Fear
The revolution started to spread towards the countryside; everyone was hearing of the revolution. The peasant rebellions caused a great panic called the "Great Fear". -
The Rights of the Man and the Citizen
The Rights of the Man and the Citizen is a document created by the National Assembly stating a man's natural born rights, the freedom of speech and press, and religious toleration. Under this declaration all citizens were now equal under the eyes of the law. -
The March on Versailles
People were near rioting over the price of bread, and there was a rumour that Marie Antoinette was hoarding grain. Woman, mainly Poissards, started the march on Versailles. As they marched hundreds of others joining. They ransacked an armory for weapons, and the march got intertwined with those seeking political reformation. The Royal family was then forcibly moved to Paris so the people could have more control over them. The royals were basically under house arrest by their own citizens. -
The Flight to Varennes
During the night the queen, king, and their children tried to escape Paris dressed as servants. This proved that Louis XVI could not be trusted, and Robespierre advocated that this meant that Louis XVI abdicated his throne. They were recognized in Varennes, arrested, and imprisoned. Now Louis XVI was forced to accept France's new constitution. -
The Constitution of 1791 sets up a Constitutional Monarchy in France
-
The First Meeting of the Legislative Assembly
The Legislative Assembly meets for the first time, but there are too many different groups struggling for power with each wanting the country to be run a different way; they tried to establish a workable government, but it was doomed to fail. -
France Goes to War Against Austria
France fought Austria because they were nervous Austria would try and restore the King's power. France wins the war. -
The Execution of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was executed when he was tried for his crimes, and found guilty of them. He was guillotined for his crimes in front of the people. -
The Committee of Public Safety Created
Jacques Danton was the first Committee of Public Safety President, and was established by Robespierre. The Committee of Public Safety order thousands of executions when they were supposed be protecting the people of France. The Committee of Public Safety helped to institute the Reign of Terror. -
The assassination of Jean Paul Marat
Charlotte Corday assassinated Jean Paul Marat in his bath -
The Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror was a period of violence where radical groups took over; they passed numerous harsh laws to intimidate or get rid of anyone who disagreed, and guillotined hundreds of people. Few people would stand up to this; Danton did and he was beheaded for doing so in 1774. -
Marie Antoinette Guillotined
-
The Beheading of Jacques Danton
Jacques Danton was beheaded when he supported the end of political executions, and the ideas of the Reign of Terror. -
The Death of Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre was executed without trial after he was arrested when France began to fear his dictatorship. -
Napoleon is Promoted to General
-
The Directory is Established in France
-
Napoleon Marries Josephine
-
Napoleon Returns to Paris as a Hero after Winning Numerous Battles
-
Napoleon Takes Dictatorship of France; Becomes First Consul
-
The Electric Battery is Created
-
Factory Act of 1802
This was one of the first factory acts passed, and was to regard the treatment of apprentices and cleanliness requirements. -
Napoleonic Code is Established
-
Napoleon is Proclaimed Emproer of France When He Takes the Crown From the Pope
-
New Constitution is Adopted and Napoleon is Now Consul for Life
-
Napoleon Divorces Josephine
Napoleon Divorces Josephine so he can have a heir because Josephine cannot. -
Napoleon Marries Marie-Louise of Austria
-
Napoleon Leds an Army to Attack Russia
Napoleon Leds an Army to Attack Russia, and ends up stuck during their winter with little supplies. -
Napoleon Forcibly Abdicates Throne, and is Exiled to Elba
-
The Reign of a Hundred Days
Napoleon escapes Elba back to France and takes over again for a hundred days before he is defeated at the battle of Waterloo on June 18th 1815. -
Napoleon is Exiled to St. Helena
-
Cotton Mills Act of 1819
Cotton Mills Act 1819 stated that no child under the age of 9 could work and between the ages of 9-16 they could work up to 16 hours day. -
Napoleon Dies While Exiled in St. Helena
-
Labour of Children(Factory Act 1833)
Labour of Children(Factory Act 1833) tried to establish a regular working day for children under the age of 18 in the textile industry. -
Steel Plow is Invented
