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1215
Magna Carta Created
The Magna Carta was created in order to limit the king's power in England. It was agreed to (reluctantly) by King John. -
1231
Inquisition Started
Pope Gregory XI begins the Inquisition (Inquisitors would look for heretics or other offenders to the church and punish them) -
1252
Torture Allowed to Get Confessions
During the Inquisition, Pope Innocent IV allows Inquisitors to torture those they found in order to get a confession from them -
1280
Parliament is Established
England's Parliament is created in order to advise the king -
Period: 1300 to
Italian Renaissance
New arts were created and new ideals began to form and spread during this time -
Period: 1337 to 1453
Hundred Years War
A long war between England and France (and their respective allies) for succession of the French throne -
1440
Printing Press Invented
Johannes Gutenburg invents the printing press which help spread ideas during the Renaissance -
1441
Atlantic Slave Trade Founded
Prince Henry of Portugal founds the Atlantic slave trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas -
1478
Spanish Inquisition Begins
Pope Sixtus IV authorizing the beginning of an Inquisition in Spain -
1492
San Salvador Discovered
Christopher Columbus sails for Spain and discovers San Salvador while trying to sail to India- and even mistook it for India -
1498
New Trade Route to India Discovered
Vasco da Gama discovers a new trade route to India for spices and other things for Portugal -
1498
Last Supper Painting Completed
Di Vinci's popular painting of Jesus and his disciples, "The Last Supper", is completed -
1500
Pedro Alvares Cabral Reaches Modern-Day Brazil
Pedro Alvares Cabral lands on what is Brazil today and claims it for Portugal -
1503
Mona Lisa Completed
Famous Italian painter, Leonardo Da Vinci, completes the "Mona Lisa" painting -
1504
Statue of David Completed
Italian artist, Michelangelo, completes the famous Statue of David -
1507
New World Named "America"
A German mapmaker renames the New World "America" to honor Amerigo Vespucci -
1509
Praise of Folly Published
Desiderius Erasmus' famous book, The Praise of Folly, which criticized the Catholic church is published -
1517
95 Theses Posted
Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses onto a church door in Wittenburg which began the Reformation -
Period: 1517 to
Reformation
People all over Europe began to demand change in the Catholic Church -
1519
Ferdinand Magellan Begins Voyage
Ferdinand Magellan and his crew begin their voyage to be the first to circumnavigate the globe -
1521
Diet of Worms
Martin Luther is summoned by the Holy Roman Emperor (Charles I) to appear before him and many others in the diet of worms because of his beliefs -
1521
Aztecs Conquered
Hernan Cortes and his crew conquer the Aztecs for Spain -
1522
Magellan's Crew Land Back in Spain
The last few members of Magellan's crew return back to Spain- successfully becoming the first people to finish circumnavigating the globe -
1532
Inca Empire Conquered
Francisco Pizarro and his crew conquer the Inca Empire for Spain -
1534
The Society of Jesus Founded
St. Ignatius de Loyola founds the Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) to convert people to Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation -
1534
St. Lawrence River Discovered
Jacques Carter and his crew explored the St. Lawrence River for France -
1534
Anglican Church Created
King Henry VIII creates the Anglican religion and builds churches for his new religion which was created because Henry wanted to have more power than the pope and he wanted a divorce from his first wife. -
1536
John Calvin Publishes The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin's beliefs were in predestination, destiny, and that peolpe should have a work ethic which honored God -
1540
Pope Recognizes the Jesuits
Pope Paul III recognizes the Society of Jesus as a real organization -
1542
Roman Inquisition Begins
Pope Paul III starts an Inquisition in Italy -
1543
Heliocentric Model Proposed
Nicolaus Copernicus proposes the heliocentric model (sun is at the center of the solar system) -
Period: 1545 to 1563
Meetings of Trent
A council which brought reform to the church and defined the doctrines of the church more clearly -
1559
Anglican Church Made Official State Church
Elizabeth I made the Anglican Church the official church/religion in England after her father, Henry VIII, created the religion and she took over as queen. -
1562
Huguenots Attack in Civil Wars
As part of the Reformation in France Huguenots begin to attack and create civil wars -
Spanish Armada is Defeated
Francis Drake and his crew defeat the Spanish armada for England -
Heliocentric Model Proven True
Johannes Kepler proves that Copernicus' heliocentric model is correct using planetary motion as proof -
Romeo and Juliet Published
William Shakespeare's most famous story, Romeo and Juliet, is published -
Huguenots Given Religious Freedom
Huguenots are given religious freedom by King Henry IV when he made the Edict of Nantes -
Don Quixote Published
Famous Spanish writer, Miguel de Cervantes, published his most famous book, Don Quixote -
New Telescope invented
Galileo Galilei invents a new telescope during the Scientific Revolution -
Louis XIII becomes king
Louis XIII becomes the king of France at only 8 years old -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
War between several European countries which France stayed out of for quite a while but France's chief minister kept it going the entire time to make other countries weak -
First Time Human Circulatory System Is Descibed
William Harvey is the first to discover and describe how the human circulatory system functions -
Period: to
Charles I's rule
Charles I was king of England until his execution -
Parliament Overtakes Nobles
Lead by Oliver Cromwell, Parliament overtakes the nobles to end the English Civil War -
Parliament Passes New Laws
Parliament passes new laws which limit royal power even further -
Attempted Arrest of Parliament
King Charles and a group of armed soldiers attempt to arrest the members of Parliament but they escape before they are able to arrest them -
Period: to
English Civil War
War between those in England who were against the king (Puritans) and those who were with the king (Royalists). The Puritans defeated the royalists. -
Period: to
Louis XIV's Rule
Louis XIV rules France and cared about improving France's culture. The 17th century is known as the age of Louis XIV -
Charles I Executed
Charles I is executed after Parliament overtakes him and the nobles -
Hobbes Writes Leviathan
Leviathan said that all humans were naturally wicked, governments were created to protect the people from themselves, a government's main purpose is to maintain order, and the best government would have the power of the leviathan and was an absolute monarchy -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell's Rule
Oliver Cromwell was dictator of England from 1653-1658 after he lead Parliament to victory and overtook the nobles and kings -
Charles II becomes king of England
Charles II takes his rightful place on the throne after Oliver Cromwell dies -
Habeas Corpus is created
Under Charles II's rule, the Habeas Corpus is written, which gave prisoners a more fair justice system -
Louis XVI Moves the Court
Louis XVI moves his court to Versailles to keep better watch over them -
Period: to
Peter the Great's Rule
Peter the Great rules Russia and he dragged Russia out of the medieval times. He brought educational reform and improved the army in several ways. -
Laws of Motion Discovered
Isaac Newton discovered the three laws of motion -
Theory of Gravity Discovered
Isaac Newton discovers the theory of gravity during the Scientific Revolution -
James II is Overthrown
James II is overthrown by his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William -
Period: to
Glorious Revolution
The time in which William and Mary controlled the throne and Parliament made many changes to the things rulers could do -
English Bill of Rights Drafted
Under the rule of William and Mary, Parliament drafts the English Bill of Rights which gives more freedom to the people of England -
Locke Writes Two Treaties on Government
Locke's writings said that people were sovereign, people and had the gift of reason, rulers were to keep the people's rights safe (life, liberty, and property), and if he failed they were justified in rebelling -
Period: to
Fredrick the Great's Rule
Fredrick the Great ruled in Prussia and he was a great military commander. He increased the land of Prussia using his war tactics and administration -
Montesquieu writes the Spirit of Laws
Montesquieu writes the Spirit of Laws- which talks about separation of powers, checks and balances, and said that you cannot have liberty if two branches of government are run by one person -
Voltaire write Candide
Voltaire writes his book Candide- which talks about the separation of church and state, religious toleration, and wrote against prejudge, superstition, and intolerance. -
Rousseau Writes the Social Contract
The Social Contract said that government was a contract between rulers and people, liberty was everyone's birthright but where oppressed by society, civilization means the strong rule over the weak, and government should rule with the consent of the people -
Storming of the Bastille
The people of France stormed a prison called the Bastille and begin the revolution in France -
Radicals take over the government
Radicals take over the French government after Louis XVI tried to sneak out of Paris -
Louis XVI Tries to Sneak Out of Paris
Louis XVI tries to sneak him and his family out of Paris and away from the French Revolution -
Louis XVI Is Executed
Louis XVI was overthrown and then later executed because he was not a good king and his death marks the beginning of the Reign of Terror -
Period: to
Reign of Terror
Robespierre and his followers spent this time killing those who did not agree with their non-religious and new "republic of virtue" ideals -
Moderates Regain Control
Moderates in France rebel against Robespierre and his followers and end the reign of terror when they cut off Robespierre's head. Later, in the next year, these moderates wrote the Constitution of 1795 to make sure that nothing like that could ever happen again -
Napoleon Defeats Austrian Empire
Napoleon Bonaparte and his soldiers defeat the Austrian Empire which made Napoleon well respected in Frace -
Napoleon Becomes Emperor of France
Napoleon gains so much respect that he is elected to be emperor -
Napoleon Invades Russia
Napoleon and his soldiers invade Russia in the winter and are defeated which contributes to his exile later on -
Napoleon Is Exiled For The First Time
Napoleon was not a very good emperor and brought France to a state of instability and so he was exhiled -
Napoleon Is Defeated In Waterloo
Napoleon comes back later in 1815 to help France fight in battle, is defeated in Waterloo, and is exiled for the second- and last- time -
Liberty Leading The People Completed
French Painter, Eugene Delacroix, finishes one of his most famous paintings, Liberty Leading the People
