Scotland's History 1000-1999

Battle of Carham

Jan 1, 1018

Battle between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Northumbrians (people who lived in what was the Kingdom of Angles in what is now the North of England). The Kingdom of Scotland won, took whole area down to Tweed.

Reign of King Malcolm III

Period: Apr 25, 1058 to Dec 1, 1093

Malcolm III becomes man of Willaim the Conquerer

Dec 2, 1072

William the Conquerer is the King of England

Reign of Donald III

Period: Jan 2, 1093 to Dec 31, 1097

Reign of King Edgar

Period: Dec 2, 1097 to Jan 8, 1107

Reign of King Alexander I

Period: Dec 2, 1107 to Apr 23, 1124

King Alexander I performs military service in Wales for King of England

Jan 1, 1114

King David I

Period: Apr 24, 1124 to May 24, 1153

King in Scotland, in the 12th century Scotland is not seen as a Kingdom but rather the region between Moray, Argyll and the Forth. David I issues documents concerning the carrying of goods in Scotland. Scotland not always under the rule of scottish kings up until this point. King of Scots different from Scotland. Anyone living south of the Forth River considered themselves under the reign of the Scots King but not part of scotland, seperate ideas.

King Malcolm IV

Period: May 24, 1153 to Dec 9, 1165

King William I

Period: Dec 9, 1165 to Dec 4, 1214

Also known as William the Lion

Treaty of Falaise

Dec 1, 1174

King William the Lion and all the nobles acknowledge the overlordship of the King of England, Henry II.

Sheriff Courts Compulsary

Jan 1, 1184

Attendence in Sherrif courts becomes mandatory, indicates king of Scots is exercising more control over his peoples livelihoods, strengthening of royal power, step toward beginning to think of those under the reign of the king of scots began to think of Scotland as single entity rather than peices of land (seperate countries) under the reign of a king.

Quitclaim of Canterbury

Dec 5, 1189

King Richard I of England rescinds the Treaty of Falaise at Canterbury, authority of scots returned solely to King of Scotland, no more overlordship, King of England essentially sold the south of scotland back to scotland to fund the Crusades of Richard.

Foundation charter of Royal Burgh in Ayr

May 21, 1205

King Alexander II

Period: Dec 4, 1214 to Jul 6, 1249

Scotland as a Royal Power and Country

Jan 1, 1218

Chronicle of Melrose begin to refer to areas south of the River Forth as Scotland. This indicates that, unlike before, Scotland has become a country instead of an area of land. Monks writing the Chronicles live in "Scotland" but do not begin to refer to themselves as Scots until the 1290s in the Chronicles of Melrose.

Treaty of York

Sep 25, 1237

King Alexander II of Scotland gives up lands in Northern England in exchange of King Henry III of England giving him certain lands in Cumberland and Northumberland, King of Scotland to swear feality to King of England

King Alexander III

Period: Jul 6, 1249 to Mar 19, 1286

Alexander III Marriage to Princess Margaret

Oct 28, 1251

Alexander III marries Princess Margaret of England, King Henry's daughter

Treaty of Birgham

Jul 1, 1290

2 treaties, one written in 1289 and one in 1290, chose alexanders Successor as his only live heir, granddaughter, Margaret Maid of Norway. She was 13, was supposed to marry the son of King Edward I. Died en route from Norway, leaving no definite successor to King Alexander. Leads to the Bruces and Balliols both wanting control, ask King Edward to step in and help. King Edward takes advantage of Scotland's weakness, elects John Balliol and makes him his bitch.

Robert Bruce and John Balliol begin to vie for throne

Sep 1, 1290

Following the death of Margeret, Maid of Norway, Roburt Bruce and John Balliol begin to fight for power, they ask Edward I of England to help them figure it out.

Treaty of Bringham or Treaty of Sailsbury

Dec 2, 1290

Drawn up after the death of Alexander III who left no heir to the throne. King of England, Edward I, says in it that the independence of Scotland will continue to be recognized as long as his son, Edward II, marries Margaret, Maid of Norway, who was the daughter of Eric II of Norway and Margaret of Scotland (Alexander III's daughter). Margaret, Maid of Norway was Alexander III's grandaughter. Margeret dies on the journry from Norway and this sets off the Independence wars, with Balliol and Bruce

Edward I forces Balliol and Bruce to recognize him as judge

May 1, 1291

Ednward I called in as arbitor to settle the claim to the throne, he then forces John Balliol and Robert Bruce to recognize him as Judge-->he is now ultimate authority

King John Balliol

Period: Nov 17, 1292 to Jul 10, 1296

Made king by King Edward I of England after the Treaty of Birgham, King Edward I humiliates King John during coronation, renounces Treaty of Birgham

Sack of Berwick

Mar 29, 1296

King Edward I orders the sack of Berwick in Scotland after undermining John Balliols royal authroity months earlier by rescinding judgements made by balliol in parliment, begining of Edward I's conquest in Scotland

Earl John de Warenne defeats Scottish host at Dunbar

Apr 27, 1296

Ongoing conquest of Edward I

Capitulation of John Balliol

Jul 10, 1296

Edward I has fealty of 1600 scots

Aug 20, 1296

Conquest culminates in late august 1296 in Berwick in Parliment and ends with 1600 scots swearing fealty to King Edward I

Killing of Sheriff of Lanark

May 3, 1297

William Wallace kills Sheriff of Lanark in scottish uprising against english rule, the spring and summer of 1297 had the uprising in the north led by Andrew Morray and the uprising in the South led by William Douglas and William Wallace

Battle of Stirling Bridge

Sep 11, 1297

William Wallace Guardian of Scotland

Period: Oct 1, 1297 to Sep 1, 1298

William Wallace very briefly is Guardian of Scotland until the return of John Balliol who was still king, though he had fled. Wallace stepped down after the scots lost the Battle of Falkirk

Raids in Northern England

Nov 1, 1297

Led by Douglas and Wallace all through November 1297

Battle of Falkirk

Jul 22, 1298

Edward I engages scots army led by Wallace in Falkirk in hopes of taking back the north of England. Scots win. Major battle in the first war of scottish indepence.

Robert the Bruce and John Comyn Guardians

Period: Sep 2, 1298 to Dec 15, 1300

John Comyn leads government in place of John Balliol

Period: Jan 1, 1302 to Dec 31, 1304

Battle of Roslin

Feb 24, 1303

Battle between the scots and english with John III Comyn leading the scots and king edward I, the scots won

John Comyn Surrenders to King Edward

Feb 9, 1304

John Comyn who had been temporarily ruling since John Balliol ran off to France, surrenders to King Edward of England.

Execution of William Wallace

Aug 23, 1305

William Wallace executed in England under the sentence of treason, said Wallace claimed to be King of Scotland though all documents say he was gurdian in place of John Balliol whom he recognized as his king

Bruce Defeated

Jan 19, 1306

Robert Bruse and his forces were defeated by Edward I's forces, he flees Scotland with his family

Robert Bruce Kills John Comyn

Feb 10, 1306

Robert Bruce crowned King of Scotland

Mar 26, 1306

Crowned at Scone

Death of Edward I

Jul 7, 1307

Edward II takes over as King

Battle of Bannockburn

Jun 23, 1314

Robert Bruce defeats King Edward II's armies and reclaims scottish independence, though Edward II still refuses to acknoledge Scotland as an independent realm.

Parliament of Cambuskenneth

Nov 1, 1314

Bruse disinherits those who refuse to recognize him as king in Parliment. Those who still supported the now dead John Comyn.

Declaration of Arbroath

Apr 6, 1320

Declaration of Scottish independence, submitted to Pope John XXII, declared that Scotland had the right to defend themselves with their military if they were unjustly attacked

James I

Period: Apr 4, 1406 to Feb 21, 1437

Upon his return from England where he had been held captive for 18 years, James introduced new ideas and cultures he had learned in the english courts through the interaction with french, english and Burgundian nobles. Among other campeigns, he increased the regularity of the crowns income and tried to promote the sense of prestige of his kingdom throughout the rest of europe. He also was a poet, and he built the first palace in scotland, as opposed to a castle.

James II

Period: Feb 21, 1437 to Aug 3, 1460

James III

Period: Aug 3, 1460 to Jun 11, 1488

James IV

Period: Jun 11, 1488 to Sep 9, 1513

Known as the Rennisance monarch, funded writers and authors, hosted international tournaments which opened scotlands boarders to new ideas, knew multiple languages including gaelic, interested in modern medicne, went on pilgrammages/traveled, married Margaret Tudor

Union of the Thistle and Rose

Jan 15, 1502

James IV marries Margaret Tudor of the English royal family. It is during this time that the renaissance in Scotland is at it's peak. The culture at court was diverse and architecture built around this time shows influences from the netherlands and italy, proving that scotland was not closed off but instead in touch with the rest of europe and influenced by it. For the wedding, The Book of Hours was commisioned from a Flemish workshop and James IV finished the great hall at stirling.

Chepman and Myllar Press

Jan 1, 1507

It was under the reign of James IV that the first printing press in scotland was opened. This allowed for the spread of ideas of the scottish rennisance to be spread quickly and in mass production. The ideas of Protestantism owe their spread to the press. Once the press began to be used, it became harder to control ideas.

James V

Period: Sep 9, 1513 to Dec 14, 1542

Battle of Flodden

Dec 4, 1513

England vs. Scotland, James IV killed in battle along with the majority of Scotland's aristocracy. This left an infant monarch.

John Knox

Period: Jan 10, 1514 to Nov 24, 1572

Brought the ideas of protestantism to scotland, which first started when Luther wrote his 95 thesis on the corruption of the catholic church in wittenburg, germany. In them he pushed sola scriptura or the sole authority in the scripture. Later, Calvin went so far as to say the pope was not the authority but that God was. Priests were not to be treated as a special class. Rang true for the scots in light of the 15th centuries problems with the catholic church. Fueing of church lands, great schism

Death of James V

Dec 14, 1542

The death of James V left his child-daughter, Mary II or Mary queen of scots, the heir to the throne. This meant the english and the french wanted her to marry into their families. The English, under the rule of Henry VIII, conducted "the rough wooing'. Essential this was a series of war like raids into scotland to persaude the scots to marry the infint heir, Mary, to Henry's son Edward so that her may have both thrones.

The Rough Wooing

Period: Dec 1, 1543 to Mar 1, 1550

Henry VIII sends in armies to bascically pressure them into letting his son Edward marry Mary queen of scots who was at that point, an infant.

Treaty of Haddington

Jul 7, 1548

In response to the Rough wooings, the scottish government signed this treaty, saying Mary would be married to the dauphin of France. The french prince, Francis was to marry Mary and she would had his father protection. His father was Henry II of France. By doing this, Henry II had effectivly incorperated scotland into his french empire.

Union of the Crowns, Rule of James VI and I

Period: Mar 24, 1603 to Mar 27, 1625

Following the death of Queen Elizabeth I in England, King James VI of Scotland inherited the throne of England as well as Scotland. He became an absent leader in Scotland after moving his court to England.

Charles I

Period: Mar 27, 1625 to Jan 30, 1649

King of England, Ireland and Scotland, executed in 1649

James II and VII

Period: Feb 6, 1685 to Dec 11, 1688

King of Ireland, England and Scotland, fear of a Catholic counter reformation builds in light of the recent protestant reformation, as James II is Roman-Catholic, he flees to france when the Dutch Invasion happens which puts William of Orange in Power

Queen Mary II

Period: Feb 13, 1688 to Dec 28, 1694

Jacobite Risings

Period: Feb 13, 1688 to Dec 31, 1746

The Jacobites were covenantors who wished to restore the stuarts to the throne after Willaim of Orange obtained it. They supported a Catholic monarchy, although not all of them were Catholic. They were opponents of the Presbyterian Whig Campbell power and aligned themselves with Gaelic cultural values. They wanted Episcapalin government of church by bishops (hierarchy). The clergy who were Jacobites refused to take oath to William of Orange and set up Episcopalian meeting houses.

William III and II

Period: Nov 4, 1688 to Mar 8, 1702

Willaim of Orange, Presbyterian

Willam of Orange Lands

Nov 5, 1688

William of Orange lands in Torbay after the english get paranoid that the current Catholic king James II and VII will push Catholicism on Britain in light of the protestant revolution. He lands with 14,000 Dutch troops. It is later in 1689 that William and his wife, Mary II are offered the crowns by the scottish and english parliments.

James VII and II Flees

Dec 23, 1688

James VII and II flees to France where he establishes the "Pretender's court" which is sponsered by his cousin, King Louis XIV. Meanwhile William of Orange is on the throne in Scotland, England, Ireland

Battle of Boyne, James II lost

Jul 11, 1690

Catholic King James II, who had abdicated during the Glorious Revolution, sails to Ireland in attempt to reclaim his throne from William of Orange and his wife, Mary II, who were both protestant. Those who fought for James II were Jacobites. They continued to fight to put the House of Stuart back on the throne after James II's death in hopes of placing his son, James Francis Edward Staurt on the throne. Mary II was James II's daughter and William of Orange (her husband) was her cousin.

James Francies Edward Stuart

Period: Dec 16, 1701 to Jan 1, 1766

Son of James II and VII, cousin to Louis XVI of France, the coming fight for the throne by his son would be known as Jacobitism. The Jacobites sought to keep the House of Stuart on the throne as it had been since the 14th century. They were catholic, as opposed to the protestants who would come to power.

Queen Anne of Britain

Period: Mar 8, 1702 to May 1, 1707

It was under her reign that the union of scotland and england's governments were joined. There were no more in line for the throne after her and she recognized the potential for a split in the kingdoms if both chose different heirs to their thrones.

Acts of Union

May 1, 1707

The Union of 1707 was when the parliment of scotland and england united to form the parliment of britain. Although there had been the same monarch for the two kingdoms since James VI when he inherited the throne of england from his first cousin Elizabeth I, the parliments had yet to join.

Battle of Culloden

Apr 16, 1745

Charles Stuart charted a ship, landed it in the highland coasts, gets clan chiefs to support him (jacobites were normally highlanders, highland cultural values support succesional family), marches down to edinburgh where he gathers more troops then he gets to derby to discover there will be no aid from france in this endeavor. It is in 1746 that the battle of culloden takes place. The English defeat the Jacobite forces and Charles flees back to france.

Thomas Muir

Period: Aug 17, 1765 to Jan 26, 1799

Scottish Political reformer, responsible for drawing up the plans for The Scottish Association of the Friends of the People, inspried by the French Revolution, was arrested after becoming a member of the United Irishmen whom he had become a supporter of and was in contact with their leader, is put on trial in Edinburgh, sentenced and sent to Australia, sentenced for sedition and writing pamphlets on government reform

Charles Edward Stuart

Period: Jan 1, 1766 to Jan 31, 1788

The second son of James VII and was known as Bonnie Prince Charlie among the jacobites who tried to put him on the throne like they had with his older brother, James Francis Edward Stuart and his father James VI after he fled to france following the take over of the throne by William of orange and his wife, Mary II.

The King's Birthday Riots

Jun 4, 1792

Edinburgh had the largest riot (3 days), Scottish Association of friends is founded by Thomas Muir a month later

Founding of Scottish Association of the Friends of the People

Jul 1, 1792

Founded by the Whig party who sought parlimentary reform. Sought to widen the group of people who coud vote, at that time it was the minority of the upperclass who had the vote. Those who joined in Scotland were descirbed as shop keepers and artisians, the general laborers didnt join really, membership included the prominant young political reformer, Thomas Muir.

The Napoleonic Wars

Period: May 18, 1803 to Nov 20, 1815

The Radical War of 1820

Period: Apr 1, 1820 to Dec 31, 1820

Begins when 3 weavers from Glasgow call for a national strike in Britain of the working class (industrial). The strike occured that following monday, April 3, 1820. Small uprisings continued throughout the year including The Battle of Bonnymuir. It the "radical" cause, started in the late 18th century then suppressed during the Napoleonic Wars, was revived after the economic depression of 1819.

Battle of Bonnymuir

Apr 5, 1820

Part of the Radical War of 1820, a band of working class scots led by John Baird and Andrew Hardie led a small uprising against a british force, John Baird and Andrew hardie were taken prisoner and executed at Stirling, fought for their democratic rights

The Peoples Charter

May 8, 1838

Written by 6 member of parliment and 6 working class men:
1) Every man 21 or over had a right to vote unless he was insane or incarcirated 2) The secret ballot which would protect the voter and his right to vote 3) Members of parliment did not need to hold land 4) Payment of members which allowed tradespeople to maintain income while serving their country 5) Equal constituancys meaning the number of electors was represented fairly 6) Annual parliments instead of 7 year seats-> allow corruption

Chartism Movement

Period: May 8, 1838 to Apr 10, 1848

Stemmed from The People's Charter which was published in 1838 and written by 6 members of parliment and 6 "working men", the charter established 6 aims of the movement having to do with voting and holding government offices. See Peoples Charter event.

The Great Famine

Period: Jan 1, 1845 to Dec 31, 1852

The potato crop in ireland got infected with fungus that deemed them inedible, the corn laws were in effect which orginally put in place to encourage trade in Britain, made it too expensive for anyone to want to ship grain into Britain and Ireland, no one could afford to buy anything

Edinburgh Taken

Mar 2, 2022

Kingdom of Alba (Kingdom of Scotland) takes Edinburgh and holds it to present day