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1334
Renaissance Art: Venus of Urbino
Venus of Urbino was a painting made by Titian. He worked on it through the years 1532-1534. He held onto it for a couple of years and did not sell in until 1338. He used oil paints and glazing to make the painting. He made this painting as a gift to give to his wife, saying it represented their marriage and he was teaching the model about motherhood. -
1360
Patrons of Art: Francesco
Francesco Sforza and the Sforza family were patrons of art during the Renaissance. Their family was very wealthy and would use their money to support the arts. They were often in leadership positions and shared their love of music, dance, and art. He was very interested in architecture and even had special castles built. He paid for and had the Castello Sforzesco built in honor of his love of architecture.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sforza-family -
1423
Life/Culture: Education
Vittorino da Feltre was a very important person for education in the Renaissance. He was considered one of the great humanism teachers during this time. While in Mantua, he decided to open up one of the first Humanism schools for noble and selected poor boys. This school became an important educational center for learning about science and art.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vittorino-da-Feltre -
1470
Patrons of Art: Cosimo de' Medici
Cosimo de' Medici and his family were very wealthy. The Medicis were all patrons of art and supported artists. They especially liked to support artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, who were 'Renaissance Men.' They loved spending their money on architecture also. One of the biggest projects they worked on was building the Basilica de San Lorenzo, which was completed in 1470.
https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/medici-family -
1486
Renaissance Art: The Birth of Venus
Sandro Botticelli painted The Birth of Venus from 1484-1486. He was inspired by the story of the Roman goddess Venus coming to life. The painting features Venus flying in on a seashell, being carried by Zephyrus, and Pomona waiting for her arrival on the shore. Paintings of gods and goddesses being created were not very common for this time period, making this piece rare.
http://www.italianrenaissance.org/botticelli-birth-of-venus/ -
1492
Catholic Church: Simony
The church needed money to fund their projects, and they would usually get it by selling indulgences and simony. Simony is when the church would sell high up positions for money. This practice was supposed to be illegal, but they did it anyways because they were desperate. One of the most famous cases was with Pope Alexander VI who bribed his way through papal elections. He scandalously became pope in 1492.
Source: Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation slides -
1503
Renaissance Art: Mona Lisa
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci in approximately 1503. The painting was made using oil paints on a wood panel. The painting is of the upper half of a woman with a landscape backdrop. It is considered one of the most famous paintings in the world and set a new standard for Renaissance paintings.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mona-Lisa-painting -
1509
Catholic Church: Corruption
The Catholic Church was well known for corruption. They liked to gain as much money as possible, even if it wasn't legal. Desiderius Erasmus accused the Church of corruption many times. In 1509 he wrote a satire called 'The Praise of Folie' which attacked the church. He was not well liked for this satire and people wanted him to be kicked out of the church.
Source: Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation Slides -
1511
Renaissance Art: The School of Athens
The School of Athens was a fresco painted by Raphael. He worked on the piece from 1909 to 1911. He was asked to decorate the rooms known as Stanze di Raffaello in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. The fresco represents all of the scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers coming together to form great ideas.
https://mymodernmet.com/school-of-athens-raphael/ -
1517
Catholic Church: Selling Indulgences
The church was broke and began selling indulgences to gain money. They sold pieces of paper that would reduce someone's time in purgatory or get them into heaven. The papers were false and tricked people into giving them their money. Martin Luther realized that these were fake and began to act out against the church, and stop the selling of the indulgences. He posted his 95 theses (1517), the selling of indulgences stopped as people began to realize they were fake.
Source: Martin Luther Slides -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther: 95 Theses
Martin Luther was fed up with the way the church was selling indulgences that were fake. He began to criticize the church and discuss the true path to salvation. Luther wrote and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Wittenburg Cathedral for everyone to see. He started the reform against the church and caused a big outbreak in violence
Source: Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation Slides -
Jan 3, 1521
Martin Luther: Excommunication
Martin Luther did not agree with how the church was teaching and stealing money from innocent citizens. He wrote and published his 95 these about what he thought the church was doing wrong. He went before the church to recant what he wrote. He refused and was excommunicated from the church in 1521.
Source: Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation Slides
http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2064099_2064107_2064159,00.html -
1522
Martin Luther: Translation of the Bible
Martin Luther translated the Bible into German so that 'common' people could read and interpret the writings. Previously the Bible was only in Greek and Latin which could only be read by certain people. His work was quickly spread by the printing press and reached all around the globe. This made people rebel against the church because now they could interpret the bible for themselves, and not have to listen to the church.
Source: Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation slides -
1530
Life/Culture: Dance
The Pavane was slow dance developed in the 1500s. Two people would walk around slowly and show off their clothes. Wealthier people liked to use this as an opportunity to show off their expensive clothes. It was commonly used as the first dance of the night. It was very popular from the 1530s to 1670s and then began to die out.
Source: Life During the Renaissance Slides -
1541
Renaissance Art: The Last Judgment
The Last Judgment is a piece created by Michelangelo between 1535 and 1541. This fresco is a depiction of the second coming of Christ and the final judgment of God on humanity to the Christian religion. This piece has over 300 figures of men and angels. The painting is located on the wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
https://www.florenceinferno.com/the-last-judgement-michelangelo/ -
Invention: Microscope
Hans Janssen invented the microscope in 1590. He used compound lenses magnify objects and specimens. This invention was crucial to many scientific discoveries as it allowed people to see a whole new world.
https://www.livescience.com/39649-who-invented-the-microscope.html -
Invention: Thermometer
Galileo Galilei invented the thermometer in 1596. The instrument was not very accurate and only indicated major changes in temperature. Galileo continued to make improvements to the thermometer over the years. https://www.brannan.co.uk/who-invented-the-thermometer -
Invention: Flush Toilet
The flush toilet was invented by Sir John Harington in 1596. Ithe toilet was a two-foot oval bowl that used seven and a half gallons of water. It helped reduce the amout of feces and other extremities on the streets. https://www.history.com/news/who-invented-the-flush-toilet -
Literary Works: Observations in the Art of English Poesie
Thomas Campion was a composer, poet, and a musician of the Renaissance. He was most famous for writing songs played on the lute and his dances. He wrote this work in a couple of years, and it contains stories and poems that he wrote over the years.
https://www.bartleby.com/359/33.html -
Literary Works: Othello
Shakespeare was a major contributor to literary works in the Renaissance. He was famous for writing many poems and plays. He wrote Othello, a tragedy, based on the story Un Capitano Moro by Cinthio, first published in 1565.
https://www.williamshakespeare.net/othello.jsp -
Scientific Discoveries: Laws of Planetary Motion
Johannes Kepler developed his laws of planetary motion between the years 1609 and 1619. He used material based on previous scientists, like Galileo and Nicholas Copernicus. He wrote them about the then known planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. This was revolutionary for cosmology at the time.
https://www.universetoday.com/53898/who-discovered-gravity/ -
Scientific Discoveries: Scientific Method
The scientific method was developed and finalized by Sir Francis during the Renaissance. He used controlled experiments to approve and disprove his theories. This method helped ensure that the experiments were truthful and done in the correct way. He was majorly influenced by Galileo and Copernicus.
https://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance_science.php -
Life/Culture: Music
The lute was a stringed instrument made of wood with a pear-shaped body. It was the most popular and one of the most important instruments of the time. It was used in anything from kings and queens dances to Shakespeare's plays. There were many different versions, but the lute we know today wasn't invented until the 1660s.
https://www.ronnmcfarlane.com/a-brief-history-of-the-lute -
Literary Works: Paradise Lost
John Milton was a poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant during the Renaissance. He was famous for writing current religious and political news at the time. He wrote his most famous poem, Paradise Lost, that consisted of ten books and over ten thousand words.
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45718/paradise-lost-book-1-1674-version -
Scientific Discoveries: Gravity
Sir Isaac Newton first discovered Gravity during the Renaissance. It is said that he discovered it by watching a nearby apple fall down from a tree. This was revolutionary to the newly-developing world of physics at the time. He later published his "Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy," which talked about his discoveries of gravity.
https://www.universetoday.com/53898/who-discovered-gravity/
