-
Period: to
German States: The Reign of Frederick William III of Prussia
Frederick ruled Prussia during the Napoleonic Wars. He was a member of the Congress of Vienna following the War. His goal was to unify all of Protestant churches under his control. -
Period: to
Russia: The Reign of Tsar Alexander I
Tsar Nicholas I ruled Russia during the Napoleonic Wars. Originally, he tried to remain neutral in the conflict, but over time, his relations with Napoleon became hostile and they became enemies. -
Period: to
France: The Reign of Louis XVIII
Louis XVIII was placed in power following the defeat of Napoleon. His rule was briefly interrupted during Napoleon's Hundred Days. Following Napoleon's defeat, Louis XVIII re-assumed power. -
Low Countries: The Union of Netherlands and Belgium
During the Congress of Vienna, France had to give up its rule of the Southern Netherlands. William I wanted to unite the Low Countries, so they would be stronger in case France attacked them. -
German States: Germanic Confederation established
The Germanic Confederation was formed to unify the German countries following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire. It lasted for many years until conflicts between Austria and Prussia caused it to collapse. -
Great Britain: Peterloo Massacre
The Peterloo Massacre occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 who had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. -
German States: Karlsbad Decrees
They were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation on 20 September 1819.They banned nationalist fraternities, removed liberal university professors, and expanded the censorship of the press. They were aimed to quell a growing sentiment for German unification. -
Italian States: Revolts in Southern Italy and Sardinia
Italian citizens revolted against King Ferdinand (of Sicily). Ferdinand was able to crush the revolt by calling in help from the Hapsburgs. The Austrian aide helped stop the revolts. -
Period: to
France: The Reign of Charles X
Charles X ruled France for six years. In 1830, the July Revolution removed him from power. -
Period: to
Russia: The Reign of Tsar Nicholas I
He is best known as a political conservative whose reign was marked by geographical expansion, repression of dissent, economic stagnation, poor administrative policies, a corrupt bureaucracy, and frequent wars that culminated in Russia's disastrous defeat in the Crimean War of 1853–56. -
Russia: Decembrist Revolt
Russian citizans revolted against Tsar Nicholas I. Originally, Nicholas's brother, Constantine was in line for the throne, but he decided not to become Tsar. Nicholas would suppress this revolt. -
France: July Revolution
The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, or The Second French Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. -
Period: to
France: The Reign of Louis-Philippe
Louis Philippe became King of France in 1830. Charles X was removed from power following the July Revolution. He ruled for 18 years until the February Revolution. -
Low Countries: Belgian Independence
In Belgium, there were many citiznes who regarded King William I's rule as despotic. There were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes. These factors caused unrest between the citizens of Belgium, so they revolted against William and tried to become their own nation. -
Russia: Polish Uprising
The Congress of Vienna partitioned Poland between Russia, Prussia and the Hapsburg Empire. The Russian part of Poland still functioned as a separate government that cordinated with the Tsar. The Polish people finally rose against their Russia rulers, when the Polish army was going to be used against the Belgium and French Revoluitons, which violated their constitution. -
Period: to
Italian States: The Reign of Charles Albert of Piedmont
Charles Albert to unify Italy during his rule. He tried multiple times to defeat Austria, who controlled Northern Italy, but he was unsuccessful every time. -
Great Britain: Reform Act
In 1832, Parliament passed a law changing the British electoral system. It was known as the Great Reform Act. This was a response to many years of people criticizing the electoral system as unfair. For example, there were constituencies with only a handful of voters that elected two MPs to Parliament. -
Great Britain: Poor Law
In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act was passed by Parliament. This was designed to reduce the cost of looking after the poor as it stopped money going to poor people except in exceptional circumstances. Now if people wanted help they had to go into a workhouse to get it. -
Period: to
Austrian Empire: Emperor Ferdinand I
Ferdinand I was the ruler of Austria. He had mental problems, so Prince Metternich was an influential adviser. He abdicated the throne in 1848. -
Period: to
German States: The Reign of Frederick William IV of Prussia
Frederick William did not seek to be a despot, and so he toned down the reactionary policies pursued by his father, easing press censorship and promising to enact a constitution at some point, but he refused to create an elected legislative assembly. He commited himself to German Unification. -
England: The Repeal of Corn Laws
The Corn Laws were designed to promote internal sales of grain, but the Great Famine in Ireland caused a shortage in the food supply. This act was repealed to increase the amount of food available to consumers. -
Italian States: Revolutions in Italy
Italy was not unified in 1848. The Austrians had control of Northern Italy. King Charles Albert tried to unite Italy against Austria, but he was defeated at the Battle of Custoza. -
France: Abdication of Louis-Phillipe / Formation of the French Republic
By 1848, there was a large sentiment against the King. The French citizens revolted against the monarchy and created the Second French Republic with Louis Napoleon Bonanparte as president. Although Louis Philippe was removed from power in February, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was not in charge until December. -
Austrian Empire: Revolt in Austria
The Austrian Empire was made of people with various nationalities. They tried to obtain independence and autonomy from the Austrian state. By the end of the revolts, Metternich would be replaced by less liberal advisers. -
Period: to
Austrian Empire: The Reign of Francis Joseph I
Francis was the longest ruling emperor of Austria. During his rule, he also was the President of the German Confederation. Throughout his reign, he was troubled by nationalist problems. He created alliances with other countries, which helped lead to World War I.
