-
632
First Caliph
Muhammad dies and Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph -
633
Rebellion put down
Abu Bakr suppresses rebellious Arab tribes -
633
Conquering of Sasanian and Byzantine empires
Abu Bakr sends Khalid al-Walid, his best general, to conquered the Sasanian and Byzantine Empires -
634
Second Caliph
Abu Bakr dies; Umar succeeds him as the second caliph -
636
Arabs conquer Byzantine Empire
The Battle of Yarmouk; The Arabs conquer the Byzantine Empire -
639
Muslim Calendar
Umar establishes the Muslim calendar -
644
Third Caliph
Umar is assassinated by Piruz Nahavandi, a Persian captive. Uthman becomes the third caliph. -
656
Fourth Caliph
A rebellion against Uthman is started and they kill him by burning him in his home. Ali becomes the fourth caliph. -
656
Rebellion is Put Down
Ali is pressured, by Ayesha, to quell the rebellion as revenge for Uthman’s death. The rebellion is put down -
656
First Islamic Civil War
656 - The first Fitna (Islamic Civil War) Breaks out between Mu’awiya, Uthman’s extended family, and Ali. -
657
Battle of Siffin
Battle of Siffin -
657
Compromise to Battle of Siffin
Mu’awiya sends ‘Amr ibn al-’As as an arbiter to reach a compromise -
657
Rebellion Against Ali
The Kharijites, a portion of his army who felt he shouldn’t have accepted the arbitration, rebel against Ali. Ali loses much territory to Mu’awiya and other forces -
661
Assassination of Ali
The Kharijites plan assassinations of the Islamic leaders and they fail to kill Mu’awiya, but assassinate Ali. -
661
End of Rashidun Caliphate
Hasan ibn Ali, Ali’s son, becomes the fifth caliph. He agrees to unify both factions and give leadership to Mu’awiya, beginning the Umayyad caliphate.