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Period: 1350 to
REINASSANCE
It is a period in history and a cultural movement. It occurred after the crisis of the Late Middle Ages and developed in Florence. It rediscovers classical art. The characteristics are: humanism (self-awareness), the art was realistic and science developed, religion was being questioned, music developments and increased exploration. Elements of painting are: linear perspective, landscape, realism. In sculpture its naturalism. Finally, in buildings symmetry, proportion, and harmony. -
1420
Florence Cathedral's dome, by Brunelleschi
The dome is an absolute masterpiece of art built between 1420 and 1436. From the architectural viewpoint, the construction of the dome represents the event that marked the beginning of the Renaissance. Is still considered the largest masonry vault in the world. The structure has a double shell supported by sturdy pillars. The octagonal shape of the dome is definitely inspired by Baptistries. The elements contribute to the stability of it, as it stands without any visible supporting structures. -
1498
Pietá, by Michelangelo Buonarroti
The Pietà, is a marble sculpture of Jesus and Mary at Mount Golgotha created at the start of the High Renaissance.The Renaissance sculpture was commissioned for the French Cardinal Jean de Bilhères(representative in Rome). The sculpture, in Carrara marble, was made for the cardinal's funeral monument, moved to the Vatican.This work features the body of Jesus on the lap of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion. It is an important work as it balances the ideals of classical beauty with naturalism. -
1509
The school of Athens, by Raphael Sanzio
The School of Athens is a Renaissance fresco that is considered a masterpiece of his author, Raphael. Painted as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate the rooms in the Vatican. The rooms he painted are known as the “stanze”, and the room in which The School of Athens is painted is known as the Stanza della Segnatura. It shows accurate perspective. It features a congregation of intellectuals from Ancient Greece.The themes are the rebirth of Ancient Greek philosophy and culture in Europe. -
Period: 1516 to 1556
The reign of Carlos I
Charles I of Spain (1516–1556) and Charles V of Holy Roman Germanic Empire (1520-1558) and archduke of Austria (1519–1521). He was the grandson of the catholic monarchs. He inherited the Spanish and Habsburg empire which extended across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria and the Kingdom of Naples reaching also Spanish America. He held his empire together against the growth of Protestantism. He was the first to unify the Crown of Castile and Aragon, including the Kingdom of Navarre. -
Period: 1520 to 1521
The revolt of Comuneros in Castilla
The War of the Communities of Castile, or the Revolt of the Comuneros, took place during the reign of Charles I. It was an armed revolt led by the “comuneros” from the cities of Castile. This revolt started due to the discomfort with Charles I, potentiated by the proclamation of Charles I emperor of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire in which people thought that would lead to an absent ruler and a greater involvement in European conflicts and raise of taxes. Finally comuneros were defeated in 1521. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and the Schmalkaldic League (German Lutheran princes), signed at the imperial city of Augsburg. It officially ended the religious conflicts between the two groups of Christians temporarily (until Thirty Years' War) within the Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official religion of their state and permitted the free emigration of residents who dissented. Calvinism wasn’t accepted. -
Period: 1556 to
The reign of Felipe II
Felipe II of Spain (1527-1598),king of Spain (1556-1598) and also king of Portugal (1580-1598). He ruled in Naples, Sicily and the Netherlands. Son of Carlos I of Spain. He unified the Iberian Peninsula (1580). During his reign the Spanish empire reached its greatest hegemony. He is characterized by global exploration and owned territories in all the inhabited continents. He suffered the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) and won the Battle of Lepanto (1571). -
Period: 1568 to 1571
The rebellion of the Alpujarras
The rebellion of the Alpujarras or the Morisco Revolt, was the second revolt following the first rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) against the Castilian Crown in the Alpujarra region (Granada). It occurred during the reign of Felipe II. The rebels were “Moriscos”, Muslims under Christian rule (Mudejares), who were forced to convert to Christianity. Discontent among "Moriscos" as they were forced to convert Christianity. Moriscos lost and were expelled from Granada. -
Period: 1568 to
The Eighty Years War
Eighty Years’ War, the war between the Netherlands and Spain for the Netherlands to gain independence from Spain, which governed them. This led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. The war was stopped during the Twelve Years Truce (1609-1621) and continued until 1648. The conflict finally concluded in the Peace of Westphalia, in which Spain formally recognised the Independence of the United Provinces. -
1579
The signment of the Union of Arras
It was an alliance between the County of Hainaut, the County of Artois and the city of Douai(Netherlands) during the Eighty Years' War. They disagreed with the religious policies of Prince of Orange and the States General of the Netherlands, and with the rise of the radical Calvinist Republic of Ghent. They signed in 1579 to defend the Roman Catholic religion against Calvinists. These union would start negotiations for a separate peace with the Spanish Crown (occurred in the Treaty of Arras). -
1579
The signment of the Union of Utrecht
The Union was signed by the seven northern provinces (signed by Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, and the province of Groningen) of the Netherlands in a league against Spain. The foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Twelve Years' Truce in 1609. The treaty was a reaction of the Protestant provinces to the 1579 Union of Arras , in which two southern provinces and a city declared their support for Roman Catholic Spain. -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England
Spanish Armada, the great fleet; 130 ships, 8,000 seamen and 19,000 soldiers; sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588. Commanded by the Duke of Medina Sidonia to invade England. The fleet was accompanied by a Spanish army from Flanders.The aim was to restore Catholic faith in England, and to stop English pirates against Spanish trade. It was the first naval battles to be fought entirely with heavy guns. Spain's failure saved England and the Netherlands from annexing the Spanish empire. -
Period: to
BAROQUE ART
The Baroque is a cultural and art movement that characterized Europe. Baroque emphasizes dramatic, exaggerated motion, easily interpreted, detail and an exuberant irregularity. The Baroque was influenced by the Renaissance. Characteristics of Baroque painting manifestations are drama, deep colors, dramatic light, darkness. In Baroque buildings were domes, quadratura, grand stairways and irregularity. The Baroque sculpture is characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail. -
Apollo and Daphne, by Bernini
Apollo and Daphne is a life-sized marble sculpture by the artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. He began carving the sculpture in 1622-1625. Is an artistic marvel of the Baroque age. The sculpture was commissioned by Cardinal Scipione Borghese at the beginning of Bernini’s career. The sculpture shows the mythological drama that occurs between Apollo, god of music and poetry, and Daphne, a virginal nymph. The artist was likely inspired by Ovid's metamorphoses and classical sculpture Apollo Belvedere. -
Saint Peter´s square project by Bernini
St. Peter's Square is located in Vatican City. Is an ancient piazza with renaissance and baroque style. At the center it has an Egyptian obelisk from 1586. It is believed that the structure was built on the site where Peter the Apostle was killed. St. Peter's Square was named after Peter, the first pope. This open space plays host to many events with capacity for 300,000 people.The construction lasted eleven years(1656-1667). It was Pope Alexander VII who decided to build the square. -
The Spinners,by Velázquez
Velázquez 's great mythological works, also known as The Fable of Arachne (Las Hilanderas) is a Spanish Baroque painting. The work was created for King Philip IV’s. Velazquez used chiaroscuro and the palette is almost monochrome. It depicts women working at the Royal Tapestry Factory of Santa Isabel in Madrid. Behind them you can see a painting which reproduces “El rapto de Europa” painted by Tiziano.The art piece represents the mythic Fable of Arachne from Ovid's metamorphoses. -
Period: to
NEOCLASSICAL ART
Neoclassical art, widespread and influential Western movement in painting and the other visual arts, born in Rome, in opposition to the Rococo style. Neoclassicism is based on Greco-Roman ideals, harmony, clarity, restraint, universality, and idealism.
The painting is characterized by clarity of form, sober colors, shallow space, strong horizontal and verticals that render that subject matter a timeless quality. The architecture is grand scale, has simple geometric forms and dramatic columns. -
Oath of the Horatii, by Jackes-Louis David
Oath of the Horatii, is a large painting made by the French artist Jacques-Louis David painted in 1784 and 1785. The painting remains one of the best known paintings in the Neoclassical style. The theme of the painting is the fulfillment of duty against any other feeling. The story is the fight of Romans against the city of Alba Longa 669 B.C.The fight between three brothers(Horacios) against the other three brothers(Curiacios). Whose families are united by a marriage, but they had to fight. -
Carlos IV of Spain and his family, by Francisco de Goya
Charles IV of Spain and His Family is an oil-on-canvas group portrait painted by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. He began work on the painting in 1800 soon after being named first painter of the chamber of the royal family in 1799 and completed it in the summer of 1801. The portrait features Charles IV, his family and relatives. The painting was inspired by the Portrait of Felipe V and his Family and Las Meninas. Goya himself appears within it as a hidden figure at the back. -
Links Sources
https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/thedomeofsantamariafiore.html https://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0367-47622004000200010#:~:text=Como%20Barroco%20se%20entiende%20el,estilo%20sobrio%20del%20Renacimiento%20cl%C3%A1sico. https://duomo.firenze.it/en/discover/dome https://www.museoomero.it/en/opere/dome-of-florence-cathedral/ https://www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassicism -
Links Sources2
https://www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassicism / https://www.britannica.com/art/Baroque-art-and-architecture https://guides.loc.gov/renaissance-era-resources#:~:text=The%20cultural%2C%20artistic%2C%20political%20and,during%20the%2014th%2D17th%20centuries. https://www.diego-velazquez.org/the-spinners.jsp https://www.artchive.com/artwork/las-hilanderas-the-spinners-diego-velazquez-c-1657/ https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_f%C3%A1bula_de_Aracne -
Links Sources3
https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obra-de-arte/las-hilanderas-o-la-fabula-de-aracne/3d8e510d-2acf-4efb-af0c-8ffd665acd8d https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain_and_His_Family https://fundaciongoyaenaragon.es/obra/la-familia-de-carlos-iv/355 https://www.artchive.com/artwork/family-of-carlos-iv-francisco-goya-1800-01/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii https://www.wikiart.org/es/jacques-louis-david/juramento-de-los-horacios-1784 -
Links sources4
https://www.st-peters-basilica-tickets.com/st-peters-square/ https://www.visit-rome-in-italy.com/saint-peter-square-rome-italy.html https://stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Square/Square.htm https://rome.us/the-vatican-city/st-peters-square.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphne_(Bernini) https://borghese.gallery/collection/sculpture/apollo-and-daphne.html https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-berninis-apollo-daphne-unnerving-depiction-unwanted-desire -
Links Sources5
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armada-Spanish-naval-fleet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1579)#:~:text=The%20Treaty%20of%20Arras%20of,that%20had%20been%20formed%20on https://www.britannica.com/topic/Union-of-Arras https://www.britannica.com/topic/Union-of-Utrecht https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg -
Links Sources6
https://study.com/learn/lesson/peace-augsburg-1555-overview-results.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-school-of-athens-by-raphael-description-figures-analysis.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo) https://core100.columbia.edu/article/pieta-michelangelo-buonarrot https://duomo.firenze.it/en/discover/dome https://www.florenceinferno.com/the-brunelleschi-dome/#google_vignette -
Links Sources7
https://byjusexamprep.com/upsc-exam/what-are-the-seven-characteristics-of-the-renaissance#:~:text=The%207%20characteristics%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20are%20humanism%2C%20art%2C%20science,the%20Middle%20Ages%20to%20modernity. https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance https://www.worldhistory.org/Renaissance_Architecture/ https://www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassicism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism -
Links Sources8
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/neoclassicism/ https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/rococo-neoclassicism/neo-classicism/a/neoclassicism-an-introduction#:~:text=Neoclassicism%20is%20characterized%20by%20clarity,or%20classicizing%20contemporary%20subject%20matter). https://www.thespruce.com/neoclassical-architecture-4802081#:~:text=Neoclassical%20architecture%20is%20characterized%20by,excesses%20of%20the%20Rococo%20style. -
Links Sources9
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a# https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/comuneros-revolt-1520-1521 https://historylab.es/revolt-of-the-comuneros-of-castile/ https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a https://www.britannica.com/summary/Philip-II-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal https://dbpedia.org/page/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571) -