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1521
Diet of Worms
Emperor Charles V outlawed Lutheranism. He could not shut down the protestant reform during that time due to other crisis. -
1529
Restoring of Catholicism
Charles V followed up the Lutheran issue, Catholicism was to be restored everywhere in Germany. States and principles of Germany protested. -
1530
Diet of Augsburg
Charles V attended an assembly known as the Diet of Augsburg. Confession of Augsburg was presented by the Lutherans, an attempt to prove to Roman that their views were Biblical. -
1530
Germanic Wars (1530-1555)
Germanic Wars, first open military conflicts between the Roman Catholic Emperor Charles V and the Protesting Germanic states. -
1531
Reunion of the Catholic Church
April 15, Charles V ordered Lutherans to reunite with the Catholic Church. Schmalkaldic League was a military alliance of the Protestants that came into being. Charles crushed it, German Elector Maurice switched sides and declared war on the emperor, forcing him to negotiate with the Protestants. -
1552
Peace of Passau
Peace of Passau, accepted the existence of the evangelical church and promised to hold the “diet” to stop the controversy. -
1555
Peace between Catholics and Protestants
September 25, the Diet was converted, held in Augsburg. Peace was arranged between the Protestants and the Catholics. Lutherans were given legal standing, unlike Calvinists and Anabaptists. Each German state territory took the religion of their prince, this did not help unite the states of Germany. -
1556
Philip II of Spain (1556-1598)
reign of Philip II of Spain. Philip was the best defender of his religious faith. -
1559
Francis II
Francis II became the king of France. Three major noble families of France began to struggle to control France: the Guises, the Bourbons and the Montmorency-Chatillons. Guise was the most powerful family of the 3, they eventually gained control of France, they were very fanatical about Catholicism, they eventually gained control of France. Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillons were Catholics for the most part, but supported Protestantism for political reasons. -
1560
Protestants-Huguenots
The French protestants in France were called Huguenots, they only made up 7 or 8% of the population. Francis II died. His young brother Charles IX assumed the throne. His mother Catherine de Medici, became a regent to support her son that was really young to be a king. She understood that the Guises were a threat to her and her son. In order to take the power away from the Guises, she balanced the power and cultivated the Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillons. -
1561
Spread of Protestant beliefs
Huguenots public beliefs were illegal in France, there were over 2000 Huguenot churches at this time. -
1562
Religion Wars
French Wars of Religion, major set of wars fought over the new churches, was a series of civil wars in France. -
1562
Catherine de Medici
Catherine de Medici allowed Huguenots to hold public worship outside the boundaries of towns. They were allowed to hold church assemblies. Catherine was Catholic and she wanted France to remain being Catholic. -
1562
Duke of Guise
March, Duke of Guise led an army and attacked a Protestant Church service at Vassy in the province of Champagne and slaughtered everyone who was there; women, children, men. -
1567
Spain and Netherlands
King Philip reached out to Netherlands that were ruled under Spain. But the Netherlands had a lot of calvinists and protestants. They turned against the the rulers of Spain, in response Philip send the Duke of Alba with an army to stop the revolt. The Dutch army was angry and they forced Alba and his army away. reign of Philip II of Spain. Philip was the best defender of his religious faith. -
1572
St.Bartholomew's Day
August 24, royal forces hunted down and executed over 3 thousand Huguenots. Within 3 days, royal and Guise armies hunted down and executed over 20 thousand Huguenots. This took place 1 day before the St.Bartholomew’s Day. -
1576
Pacification of Ghent
Catholic provinces of the south allied with the Protestant provinces in the north, to revolt against Spain. The alliance was called Pacification of Ghent. -
1579
Union of Utrecht
Separate peace with Spain was made, northern provinces formed an alliance called the Union of Utrecht. -
1580
Control of Catholic Church
Catholic Church was in control of France. -
Philip II Armada
Philip II gathered his navy to invade England. Armada of over 130 ships and 25,000 soldiers. Dutch and English were able to destroy the fleet. The defeat of the Spanish was a massive increase of power of the Protestants, their military force threatened the Protestants, when it was destroyed, the Protestants had no fear in developing and spreading Protestantism. Spain was no longer one of the most politically powerful countries of Europe. -
Henry III
Henry III attempted to attack the League, the League drove him to Paris and embarked on a systematic massacre of non-combatants that rivaled the earlier St.Bartholomew’s Massacre. -
Henry of Naverre
Henry of Navarre was next in line for the throne of France -
Death of Henry III
Henry III was stabbed to death by a fanatical, fury- driven Dominican friar -
Spanish victories
had impressive victories for the Spanish. -
Change of faith
July 25, Henry of Navarre rejected his Protestant faith and became Catholic. -
Spanish driven out from Dutch lands
the last Spanish soldier was driven out of Dutch soil, the northern provinces were gradually driving out Spanish since Spanish overextended all over Europe. -
End of Religious wars
April 13, Henry IV ended the long religious wars in france by proclaiming the Edict of Nantes. This Edict granted the Huguenots the right to worship publicly, to assemble, to gain admission to school and universities, to occupy public office and administered their own towns. -
James I
Elizabeth I died. Relative of the Tutors from Scotland became king. James I was the first member of the Stuart dynasty to rule England. His views on absolute monarchy caused conflicts with the Parliament. -
Death of James I
James I died, his younger son was crowned king as Charles I. He was at first population but he married a Catholic princess and involved England in military adventures overseas. -
Petition of Right
Parliament refused to allow it unless Charles signed a document called the Petition of Right, this document placed limits on king’s power. One of the statements of the document was that the king can not levy taxes without the parliament’s approval, he could he imprison anyone without legal justification, force citizens to house soldiers, or declare martial law in peacetime. -
Dimission of Parliament
Charles dismissed Parliament and decided to rule without Parliament, because when Charles needed money the Parliament refused, so he increased the taxes of the citizens which made the Parliament furious. The Petition of Right was a direct threat to the absolute power of the king. -
Parliament reconvened.
Parliament reconvened, Charles I was badly in depths, because of the religious rebellion in Scotland. He had to reconvene the Parliament to get more money, the Parliament saw no point in supporting the king’s ideas after being ignored for 11 years. The Parliament demanded to be called at least every three years, and the king had no right to dismiss them. -
Roundheads and Royalists
English Civil war began, the king could not rely on the Parliament as the source of money, so he received funds from wealthy noble families, they were called the Royalists. The supporters of the Parliament were called the Roundheads. The Roundheads included Puritans, merchants and some members of the upper class.