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The G.I. bill
also known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation.Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veternas to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business -
The 38th parallel
After Japan collapsed in 1945, so did the control of Korea and the communist Russians took over the north.The 38th Parallel became the dividing line between North and South Korea, across which the fighting between communists and United Nations forces ebbed and flowed during the Korean War.The dividing line was first established to separate Soviet and US occupation zones after Japan's defeat in 1945; the Korean War began in 1950 after North Korean communists crossed the parallel into South Korea. -
The iron curtain
The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas in the post-WWII and Cold War era. The borderw lay vertically through the middle of Germany. On the west side was the Soviet Union, Poland, Finland, Hungary, Austria, Romania and West Germany, and on the east side was England, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and East Germany. -
The Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine of 1947 said that the US would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. This doctrine is often considered the start of the Cold War.In this doctrine, the president asked Congress in March 1947 for $400 million in economic military aid to assist the free people of Greece and Turkey against totalitarian regimes. -
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The Cold War
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Marshall's plan
Submitted on December 1947, this was a plan proposed by George Marshall to help the nations of Europe strengthen democratic governments. This plan outlined $17 billion dollars for distribution to European countries over a four year period.The Marshall Plan was the large-scale American program to aid Europe. The US gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of WWII in order to prevent the spread of Soviet communism.Sixteen nations participated in this plan. -
The Berlin Airlift
The Berlin Airlift was a successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city. Truman ordered US planes to fly in supplies to the people of West Berlin, and also sent 60 bombers capable of carrying atomic bombs to bases in England. -
The Fair deal
Truman submitted this twenty one point domestic program to congress days after the Japanese surrender. It called for expansion of Social Security benefits, the raising of the legal minimum wage from 40 to 60 cents an hour, a program to ensure full employment through aggressive use of federal spending and investment, public housing and slum clearance, long-range environmental and public works planning, and government promotion of scientific research. -
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The 50s
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The Beat generation
the Beat Generation was a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they wrote about. Central elements of "Beat" culture include a rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern spirituality.They were bohemian writers , who bemoaned bourgeois conformity and advocated free-form experimentation in life and literature. -
Brown v. Board
The Supreme Court ruling reversing the policy of segregation, declaring that separate can never be equal and a year later ordered the integration of all public schools with all deliberate speed society became less racist.This Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation in Topeka, Kansas, was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection. This case marked the end of legal segregation in the US on Mar 26, 1953 -
Dr. Jonas Salk
Dr. Jonas Salk developed an effective vaccine against polio in the early 1950s, and the government-sponsored a free inoculation program for children.Polio crippled and killed millions worldwide, and the successful vaccine virtually eliminated the scourage. The vaccine was extremely effective. By 1974, thanks to his vaccine and a new oral vaccine developed by Dr. Albert Sabin, only seven new polio cases were reported in the country. Salk was also known as an American biologist and physician. -
Earl Warren
Chief Justice Earl Warren was a Republican politician. He led an activist Court during the 'rights revolution' of the 1950s and 1960s, assertively using the Court's power in support expanding civil rights. Brown v. Board of Education,various decisions expanding the rights of the accused.Known as a controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he led the Court in far-reaching racial,social,and political rulings,including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes. -
Polio Vaccine
Introduced by Jonas Salk in 1954 and given out to the public by 1955. The polio vaccine generated serum antibodies that neutralized the polio virus in the bloodstream. Polio would invade the central nervous system producing from a subclinical or mild febrile illness to aseptic meningitis, muscle weakness, and paralysis. The polio vaccine was a big step for the developing nation because it made us advance more than the other countries, helping us lead as a powerful, healthy and robust country. -
Bill Haley and the comets
one of the first American rock and roll bands/musicians. Bill Haley is credited by many with first popularizing this form of music in the early 1950s with his group Bill Haley & His Comets and their hit song "Rock Around the Clock".Founded in 1952 and continued until Haley's death in 1981. was the earliest group of white musicians to bring rock and roll to the attention of white America and the rest of the world. The group would place nine singles into the Top 20. -
Emmit Till
A 14 year old black who vacationed in Mississippi, allegedly whistled at a white woman (Carolyn Bryant) or spoke out of his place to her,and he was subsequently beaten, abused, and murdered then tied to a cotton gin and thrown into a river.His death ignited racial controversy in Mississippi regarding handling of court case. His death contributed to the motive of the American Civil Rights movement, with some saying Rosa Parks committed her actions in thought of this boy and his mother. -
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Civil Rights Movement
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the Montgomery Bus Boycott
The boycott was a political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. It caused deficits in public transit profits because a large percentage of people who used the public transportation were now boycotting it. The ensuing struggle lasted from December 1-20th and led to a SCOTUS decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional. -
Little Richard
a African American rock-n-roll singer and recorded hit songs in the 50's including Tutti Fruiti TV altered music so performers needed a personality to entertain "Long Tall Sally"1956.Little Richard's hair was done in a pompadour, wearing makeup, exaggerated rhythm and blues mannerisms, physical performer, playing piano standing up, fast songs, gyrating as playing, put his right foot on the piano as he played Little Richard .quit entertainment business and became minister -
Little rock 9
A group of African-American students who enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.Little Rock Central High School was an all-white school at the time.The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were forcefully prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor, Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most critical events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. -
Period: to
The 60s
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The new frontier
The New Frontier was a campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation.With youthful optimism, JFK's program called for change, where he challenged the American people to make sacrifices to achieve their potential greatness; included medical assistance for the elderly, increased education spending, space exploration,public service initiatives such as the peace corps, a commitment to civil rights & fiscal policies -
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. OPEC's objective is to coordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economical and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a reasonable return on capital to those investing in the industry. -
Peace Corps
The Peace Corps were a federal agency created by President JFK in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries; it provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure,health care,educational systems,and other aspects of their societies.An "army" of idealistic and youthful volunteers who brought American skills to underdeveloped countries.Kennedy's New Frontier vision was to promote American values and influence through exchanges across the world. -
Albert Sabin
Albert developed an oral vaccine for polio and used it to allow for the eradication of polio. His vaccine came into commercial use in 1961. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, known as the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.It was taken in as a sugar cube, thus making widespread of the vaccine even easier for man. -
The Bay of Pigs
this was an unsuccessful attempt by a U.S.-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from U.S. government armed forces to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. The U.S CIA backed the failed attempt. They planned to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power; the mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in JFK's presidency -
John Glenn
One of the first Americans to orbit the earth/globe. NASA later introduced the Gemini program, whose spacecraft the Friendship 7 could carry two astronauts at once into space.John orbited the Earth 3 times before returning to land, with a splashdown -
The Cuban missile crisis
This crisis was a standoff between JFK and Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in American's favor and represented a foreign policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world's superpowers perilously close to the brink of nuclear confrontation. This international crisis was the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. -
The march on Washington
The march consisted of large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C, where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. This march widely credited with helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). This massive civil rights demonstration was in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. -
The Birmingham Bombing
the church bombing was an act of white supremacist terrorism when four members of the Ku Klux Klan planted a minimum of 15 sticks of dynamite attached to a timing device beneath the front steps of the church.The explosion at the church killed four girls and injured 22 others. The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing marked a turning point in the United States 1960s Civil Rights Movement and contributed to support for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. -
Lee Harvey Oswald
the person who snipped John F. Kennedy, in Dallas. Oswald was a former Marine, communist, and communist sympathizer.Oswald would later be charged with the murder of President Kennedy as well but denied shooting anybody, claiming he was a patsy. 2 days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and wounded by a nightclub owner , Jack Ruby in full view of television cameras broadcasting live. -
JfKs assasination
Kennedy was visiting Dallas and rode in a parade to start gathering support for the upcoming presidential election of 1964. JFK was shot twice by Lee Harvey Oswald and pronounced dead at Parkland Hospital. His brief presidency was viewed as a high point of the postwar era and cast its influence on American politics during the 1960s and 1970s. LBJ was sworn in that evening as president. later President John Kennedy was assassinated on November 23, 1963, in Dallas by Lee Harvey Oswald. -
Jack Ruby (avenger)
known for being a local bar owner stunned America when he shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald, the accused assassin of President John Kennedy. Oswald was soon arrested for the president’s murder. As the suspect was being transferred to the county jail, Ruby stepped out of a crowd of onlookers and gunned down the younger man. The event was witnessed by millions of Americans on live television. Ruby was convicted of murder in 1964. He claimed he had acted out of grief and wanted to avenge JFK. -
The Warren Commission
this was Established by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination President John F. Kennedy. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John Connally and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald. They announced that there was no larger conspiracy involved. Commissioner was Chief Justice Warren. -
The Great Society
In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.A domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.First introduced in 1964, it was meant to solve large social problems like hunger & poverty. It included the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Head Start, job-training programs, Medicare & Medicaid expansion,and various community action programs -
Freedom Summer
A campaign the US launched in an attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which up to that time had almost totally excluded black voters. A coalition of 4 established civil rights organizations: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC ), with SNCC playing the lead role. -
the daisy girl ad
a controversial political advertisement that aired on television during the 1964 presidential election by President Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign. Though only aired once, it is considered a factor in Johnson's landslide victory over Barry Goldwater and an important turning point in political and advertising history. The ad implied that Johnson was better than Goldwater and he is peaceful—little girl peeling petals off while Goldwater is destructive (the ad showed a bomb) -
Barry Goldwater
In 1964,LBJ was opposed by Barry Goldwater,a Republican Arizona senator who attacked the federal income tax,the Social Security system, lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964 and he called for dismantling the New Deal, escalation of the war in Vietnam and the nuclear test-ban treaty.His extreme conservatism scared many into voting for Johnson.Many saw him as the grandfather of the conservative movement of the 1980s.He lost by largest margin in election history -
voting rights act 1965
This outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States. Echoing the language of the 15th Amendment, the act prohibited states from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color." specifically no literacy tests.Signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson -
the black panther party
An African-American organization established to promote Black Power and self-defense through acts of social agitation.The Black Panther Party achieved national and international presence through their deep involvement in the local community. The Black Panther Party was an auxiliary of the greater movement, often coined the Black Power MovementThe movement had provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity. -
The Tet offensive
National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties.January 1968, the Viet Cong attacked 27 South Vietnamese cities, including Saigon. It ended in a military defeat for the Viet Cong, but at the same time, proved that Johnson's "gradual escalation" strategy was not working, shocking an American public that believed the Vietnam conflict was a sure victory -
the death of MLK
MLK was assassinated at a Memphis, Tennesee hotel.The night of the 4th, Martin Luther King Jr. was shot on the balcony of his hotel. Over 100,000 people mourned him and attended his funeral, His murderer was found in Canada- found guilty. James Earl Ray, was a white man who resented the increasing black influence in society. King's murder set off a new round of riots across the country, while both blacks and whites mourned the tragic death of a charismatic leader. -
Period: to
The 70s
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stagflation
This term was used during the 60's and 70's when the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment.Referring to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation & stagnation of its industrial growth.It was a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation )while prices rise (inflation).Unemployment rose along with inflation due to this condition. These conditions were the economic consequences of rising oil prices. -
the watergate hotels
Five men were arrested and convicted for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel, with orders from Nixon.The Committee for Re-election of the President (CREEP) attempted to spy on Democrats at their headquarters in the Watergate Hotel. Nixon claimed it had no connection with his administration, but the investigation showed evidence of espionage.May 1973, Nixon admitted to complicity in the burglary.In July 1974, Nixon's impeachment began. -
title ix
a law by the usa stating that "No person in the United States shall,on the basis of sex,be excluded from participation in,be denied the benefits of,or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." With the provision of the 1972 Education Amendments that prohibited gender discrimination and opened sports and other areas to women.Education Amendments prohibited sex discrimination any activities that are funded by the government. -
Roe vs Wade
Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoked a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement.The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons. -
The nixon tapes
The Watergate tapes, a subset of the Nixon tapes, are a collection of recordings of conversations between U.S. President Richard Nixon and various White House staff.When the other branches of government petitioned the courts for the tapes, Nixon claimed:"executive privilege"(that the release of the recordings would handicap Nixon's ability to handle the duties of his office efficiently). As a result, Congress wrote up three impeachments for Nixon, but he resigned before he could be impeached. -
The endangered species act
this act puts their protection ahead of economic considerations, 1973 protected threshold and endangered species and directed the FWS to prepare recovery plans.This act recognizes the value of species habitat. It authorizes the designation of critical habitat and calls for recovery plans for listed species. This legislation was designed to protect species in danger of extinction. Signed into law by President Richard Nixon. -
The VHS
the video head system was originated and developed by JVC (Victor Company of Japan).The VHS was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. The VHS was a major contributor to the television industry. In the early 1980s, there was a format war in the home video industry. The competitors being -VHS and Betamax, these two received the most media exposure. VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 -
Elvis Presley
a singer whose youth, voice, and sex appeal helped popularize rock 'n' roll in the mid-1950s. Commonly known using only his first name, he was an icon of popular culture, in both music and film. He had many hit records and a flamboyant style that greatly influenced American popular music. He became chief revolutionary of popular music in the 1950s, fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles; Commonly called "The King". -
Phyllis Schlafly
an American constitutional lawyer, conservative activist, author, and founder of the Eagle Forum.Known for her opposition to modern feminism &for her campaign against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.She was a right activist that protested the women's rights acts & movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s.She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them. -
the three-mile island
A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16-mile radius. While it was ultimately not terrible, it harmed the public perception of nuclear power.The Three Mile Island accident was a partial nuclear meltdown that occurred on March 28, 1979, in one of the two Three Mile Island nuclear reactors in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was the worst accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history. -
The Iran hostage crisis
A group of anti-American Muslim militants/revolutionaries stormed the US embassy in Tehran, taking all 52 American occupants hostage and demanding the return of the exiled Iranian shah The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostage's release. After economic sanctions and political pressure failed, Carter launched an ill-fated rescue mission. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity. -
Robert Johnson
he was the founder of BET (Black Entertainment Television), which launched in January of 1980 and was a success but Robert would sell the program to Viacom in 2001. He became the first African American billionaire.In adition ,he was also the first African-American principal owner of a North American major-league sports franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats. -
Period: to
The 80s
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The election of 1980
Ronald Reagan a Republican against the renominated jimmy carter who was already at a loss as no one, not even his party likes or supported him as much. Reagan won quickly and was very popular, Carter won only six states and the District of Columbia, putting the Republicans back in control for the first time in 25 years. Carter was defeated with dignity though and was well-meaning but had a lack of managerial skills. By this time, the Republican party was ready to challenge the Democrat's. -
AIDS crisis
first doocumented start of this lethal disease AIDS is the product of the HIV virus, which is transmitted by the exchange of bodily fluids, the virus gradually destroys the immune systems and makes victims vulnerable to diseases they would normally have a resistance to. The first victims which were homosexual men were virtually certain to die, and eventually the disease spread further across the country and in other nations like Africa. -
the "star wars"
Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative, also known as "Star Wars," called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development.President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced.This made the US stronger & tougher -
the reagan doctrine
a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the US under the Reagan Administration to overwhelm the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. Under the Reagan Doctrine, the US provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments.The doctrine was designed to diminish Soviet influence in these regions as part of the overall Cold War strategy. -
Iran Contrat Affair
another scandal erupting after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon. The money from the sales was used to aid the Contras(anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance.Talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity.Those acts directly contravened an ongoing US trade embargo with Iran as well as federal legislation limiting aid to the Contra -
the challenger explosion
this space shuttle exploded 73 seconds into flight, killing all seven crew members aboard. The explosion was caused by a faulty seal in the fuel tank. The shuttle program was halted while investigators and officials drew up new safety regulations, but was resumed in 1988 with the flight of the Discovery. This explosion stalled the NASA program for two years. The accident led to a reorganization of NASA's safety and communication systems. -
berlin wall falls
The fall of the wall marked an end to Soviet influence in the country and allowed for Germany to become reunited.This event marked the symbolic end of the Cold War and was the beginning of the collapse of communism in eastern Europe. The fall of the wall led to German reunification of the west and east the following year. -
Period: to
The 90s
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Persian golf war
began when Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait. Hussein defied United Nations Security Council demands to withdraw from Kuwait, & the Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm which was later called off after 42 days. Though the Persian Gulf War was initially considered an unqualified success for the international coalition, simmering conflict in the troubled region led to the Iraq War in 2003 -
The Rodney King Incident
on April 29 after a trial jury acquitted four police officers of the Los Angeles Police Department of the use of excessive force in the videotaped arrest and beating of Rodney King, video footage was taken of the officers beating King after a 115-mph chase throughout LA ended with him allegedly lunging at one of the officers. He received 56 blows from nightsticks while a dozen other officers stood by and watched.This would result in a series of riots, and civil disturbancances. -
Ike Turner
an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, arranger, talent scout, and record producer. In a career that lasted more than half a century, his repertoire included blues, soul, rock, and funk. He is most popularly known for his 1960s work with his then-wife, Tina Turner, in the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. life. His first recording, "Rocket 88",with the Kings of Rhythm, credited to "Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats", in 1951 is considered a contender for "first rock and roll song". -
The balkans crisis
communist government of Yugoslavia collapsed in 1989. In 1992 Serbs in Bosnia launched a war to drive out Croats and Muslims by using mass murder to ethnic cleanse. Bosnian Muslims, Serbs, and Croats were killing each other by 10,000s; President Clinton was eventually forced to intervene, US-led 20K NATO forces in as peacekeepers and launched a massive aerial bombardment on Serbia to stop Milosevic's policy of ethnic cleansing. Slobodan Milosevic was tried for sponsoring massacres -
Bill Clinton
president from 1993 to 2001, during a period of intense partisanship in the US government. He planned to provide universal health care to all Americans but was defeated by Republican Newt Gingrich's "Contract with America" movement & a well-organized opposition from the doctors' lobbying organization (American Medical Association).His few domestic and international successes were overshadowed by the Monica Lewinsky scandal that led to his impeachment & eventual acquittal. -
World trade center attack
One of the main perpetrators of this attack was Ramzi Yousef, and he was upset about the Israel oppression against Palestine. He drove a truck/ van containing a bomb underneath the trade center (into the parking garage) and detonated it.The van/truck exploded creating bombing about five stories deep, Yousef was caught. The parking garage was gutted, but the buildings stood up until the two planes hit it in 2001 -
dont ask, dont tell
the policy affected homosexuals in the military. It emerged as a compromise between the standing prohibition against homosexuals in the armed forces&President Clinton's push to allow all citizens to serve regardless of sexual orientation. Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homosexuality.In 2011,President Obama would repeal this policy, allowing all to serve in the military. -
Oprah Winfrey
known for her multi-award-winning talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show, which was the highest-rated program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011. Dubbed as the "Queen of all Media" and she has been ranked the richest African-American of the 20th century and the greatest black philanthropist. Known as one of TIME 100 Most Influential of 20th Century; 1996 "Oprah Book Club"; 2003 Forbes listed as first African American female billionaire. -
DOMA
Signed into law under President Clinton . It mandates unequal treatment of legally married same-sex couples, selectively depriving them protections and responsibilities that marriage triggers at the federal level. Under this, married same-sex couples are denied a long list of important protections and responsibilities, including Social Security survivor benefits, immigration rights, family and medical leave, and the ability to pool resources as a family without unfair taxation -
the Lewinsky affair
Monica Lewinsky, a young White House intern, had an affair with President Clinton who denied it under oath. But there was physical evidence, so he was impeached for perjury which meant he had lied about the affair in his deposition before Paula Jones's attorneys. He also encouraged Lewinsky to do the same in court. And his resulting political battles from this affair kept him from being productive during his final term. Therefore paving the way for the seemingly moral Bush in the 2000 election. -
Lionel sosa
born May 27, 1939, in San Antonio TX. He is a Hispanic-American advertising and marketing executive and political consultant. He is the founder of the largest Hispanic advertising agency in Texas and was named one of the 100 Most Influential Hispanics in the U.S. by a Hispanic Business magazine. Sosa's experience led him to become active in Republican presidential politics, serving as an adviser to the Republican campaigns, including those of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush. -
Al Gore
nominated by the Democrats in 2000 presidential election. Al Gore had a Clinton paradox—the good was that he could lay claim to the prosperity of the Clinton years, the bad was that aligning too close with Clinton also aligned with his scandals.Al Gore was Clinton's vice-president from 1993 to 2001. During the 2000 election, Gore won the popular vote but lost the electoral college; his running caused one of the closest elections in history and a fiasco with the voting system. -
Period: to
The Comtemporary
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SCOTUS Case
The recount showed Bush winning by 300.While punch card ballots could be wonky so Gore demanded a hand recount, but it wasn't counted in time, so Bush was declared the winner but Gore contested the result and Bush contested those results, and it ended with the Supreme Court giving an impossible deadline and deciding the election with Bush as the winner. Court decision declared Florida's recounting ballots was unconstitutional and was forced to stop. -
George Bush
43rd preside and The son of former president George H. W. Bush and former governor of Texas, he emerged victorious from the contested election of 2000, where he lost the popular vote. He pursued changes in social security, immigration, and education laws, and appointed two conservative justices to the Supreme Court. Launching and leading the "War on Terror" in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Bush was the architect of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. -
9/11
Several terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, where 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft.2 planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse.One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, DC,and the fourth, overtaken by passengers,crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania instead of hitting the Whitehouse.Nearly 3000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history. -
The patriot act
federal law enacted in response to terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, The law, officially titled the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act, it broadened the investigative authority of law enforcement agencies throughout America and is applicable to many crimes other than terrorism. The law was revised in 2006. It allowed the gov't greater access to electronic communications&other information. -
NCLBE act
no child left behind act created and signed by the George W. Bush administration. This act was designed to increase accountability standards for primary and secondary schools, the law authorized several federal programs to monitor those standards and increased choices for parents in selecting schools for their children. The program was highly controversial, in large part because it linked results on standardized to federal funding for schools and school districts. -
Hurricane Katrina
Most costly and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States, killing nearly 2000 Americans. The storm ravaged the Gulf Coast, particularly the city of New Orleans, in late August 2005. In New Orleans, high winds and rain caused the city's levees to break, leading to catastrophic flooding, mainly centered on the city's most impoverished wards. A tardy & feeble response by local and federal authorities exacerbated the damage and led to widespread criticism of the FEMA. -
John McCain
a Republican senator from Arizona who lost the 2008 Presidential election to Democrat Barack Obama. A former Navy fighter pilot who spent five years as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam, McCain was known as a maverick senator, frequently departing from his own party to cosponsor moderate legislation with Democratic allies.Among his most notable legislative achievements were changes in campaign finance and efforts to reform immigration laws.He choose Sarah Palin as his Vice president. -
Barack Obama (:
the 44th president of the United States, and first African American elected to that office. A lawyer and community organizer in Chicago, Obama served in the Illinois State Senate before being elected to the U.S. Senate in 2004. After a protracted primary election campaign against Senator Hillary Clinton, Obama sealed the Democratic Party's nomination and defeated Senator John McCain on November 4, 2008. Due to his popularity , he was reelected for his second term in 2012 -
Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia was nominated by President Barack Obama in 200 to be a judge in the Supreme Court. Sonia Sotomayor became the first Latina Supreme Court Justice in the history of the United States. During her tenure on the Supreme Court, Sotomayor has been identified with concern for the rights of defendants, calls for reform of the criminal justice system, and making impassioned dissents on issues of race, gender, and ethnic identity. She was the third woman in the Court.and she replaced David Souter.
