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African Americans in Politics
African American involvement in politics at all levels grew. They held office in local, state, and federal government. -
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Higher Education
African Americans founded Howard, Atlanta, and Fisk Universities. -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Gave African Americans citizenship and forbade states from passing discriminatory laws (black codes) that severely restricted their lives. It was vetoed by Amdrew Johnson but Congress overrode the veto. -
Fourteenth Amendment
Makes all persons "born or naturalized in the U.S." citizens. -
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Jim Crow Laws
Segregation laws that separated white and black people in public and private facilities (schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems). Also included a poll tax. -
Enforcement Act of 1870
Protected the voting rights of African Americans and gave the federal government power to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment. -
Fifteenth Amendment
States that no one can be kept from voting because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" -
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Violence
More than 1,400 African American men and women were shot, burned, or hanged without trial in the South. -
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The Great Migration
The large-scale movement of hundreds of Southern blacks to cities in the North. Contributing factors included racial discrimination, floods/droughts, and job opportunities in the North. -
Plessy v Ferguson
Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. It established the doctrine of "separate but equal", -
NAACP Founded
Urged African Americans to protest racial violence -
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The Harlem Renaissance
A literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture. Some notable artists include Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington. Represented a portion of great social and cultural changes that swept America in the 1920s.