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3800 BCE
First Maps Showing Water
The first maps showing water were created at this time. They included river charts, otherwise known as nautical charts. Helped navigation and scientific research. -
600 BCE
Phoenicians and the First Sea Routes
The Phoenicians develop sea routes to look for resources. Their routes go around the Mediterranean Sea, all the way into the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Helped and contributed to navigation. -
325 BCE
Pytheas' Voyage and the Compass
A greek astronomer and geographer sails to England. He makes a connection between the moon and the tides. The Chinese also invented an instrument vital to travel and ocean navigation at this time, the Compass. This contributed to navigation and scientific research. -
150 BCE
Latitude and Longitude
Claudius Ptolemy, an astronomer and geographer, creates a map detailing three continents (Africa, Asia, and Europe) and its surrounding water. He uses latitude and longitude for the first time ever. -
900
The Vikings
The Vikings held expeditions in this period. They explored Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland. The used the North Star to guide them with latitude on their journey. This event deals with navigation and trade. -
1492
Columbus' Voyages
A Spanish explorer named Christopher Columbus takes a journey across the Atlantic Ocean. He discovers North and South America. His expedition helps with navigation and trade. -
The Submarine
Cornelis Drebbel, a Dutch physician, creates the world's first submarine. His submarine is made of wood and makes travels to London. His invention helps with scientific research and navigation under water. -
Edmund Halley
The English astronomer Edmund Halley goes on "the first scientific voyage to study the variation of the magnetic compass". He also discovers the importance of trade winds while on his expedition. His voyage helps with navigation and scientific research. -
Sundry Maritime Observations
The American inventor Benjamin Franklin writes his letter, " Sundry Maritime Observations". Inside he announces the discovery of the Gulf Stream. His letter helps with navigation, scientific research, and future trade. -
U.S Coast Survey
President Jefferson creates the U.S Coast Survey. The organization collects data about a variety of maritime activities such as "tides and tidal currents, seafloor characteristics, and the depth and physical features of near-shore waters". -
