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A series of violent wars for control over Italy. Charles VIII invaded Italy for control over the Italian Peninsula. -
Wrote 95 theses in response to the pope selling indulgences as a way to get into heaven. -
German peasants were annoyed by higher taxes and lack of power. They stormed the castles and monasteries, which is known as the Peasant's war. -
Catholic mobs murdered thousands of Protestants. This massacre lasted 6 months and 12,000 Huguenots were killed. -
It was an oath that ruler had to take accepting Henry VIII as the head of the England's church. -
The pope created a religious order for Ignatius of Loyola's followers. They were called Jesuits and their job was to create schools, convert non-Christians to Catholics and stop the spread of Protestantism. -
Calvin published the book that talked about God, salvation, and human nature and how men and women are sinful by nature. -
The Roman Inquisition was created to fight Protestantism, and impose religious uniformity on Jews, Muslims, and Protestants. Harsh methods of torture to force confessions and punish heresy. -
-He believed in the heliocentric theory, which means the sun is in the center of the universe
-He formulated the quantity theory of money, which is where money has a direct proportional relationship with the price level. -
Pope III called a council of church leaders to meet in Trent, where they agreed on a set of rules for the doctrines. No changing the interpretation of the Bible, faith and good works is needed for salvation, Bible and the church are equally powerful and selling indulgences is forbidden. -
Emperor Charles V ordered protestants and catholics to meet at the City of Augsburg for each ruler to freely decide religion of their state. -
Elizabeth I helped restore the Anglican church that helped bring together Catholics and Protestants. -
John Knox made Calvinism the official religion of Scotland. -
The fighting between Catholics and Huguenots ended when their leader, Henry of Navarre, became Catholic and became the king. Henry’s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants. -
-He developed the scientific method with Descartes
-His theory is that scientific knowledge must come from the observation of nature through inductive reasoning -
-He observed the solar system through a telescope
-He confirmed the idea the heliocentric theory that was created by Copernicus -
-He develops analytical geometry
-Encouraged scientists to use math and logic instead of experimenting to make new observations -
-He creates a social contract, which is where people hand over their rights to a ruler to gain law and order
-He believed that a ruler was always needed to keep citizens in control. Government was an absolute monarchy. -
-His idea was that people can learn from experience and improve themself
-He criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government -
-He creates division of government- theory of separation of laws
-He creates the political influence of climate -
-He fought for tolerance, reason, freedom or religion, and freedom of speech
-His writings gave the Founding Fathers critical concepts to create a new form of government -
-He won recognition as a writer for essays
-Guaranteed in the U.S Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen