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1494
Italian Wars
A series of violent wars for control over Italy. Charles VIII invaded Italy for control over the Italian Peninsula. -
1517
Martin Luther's Writes 95 Theses
Wrote 95 theses in response to the pope selling indulgences as a way to get into heaven. -
1524
Peasant’s War
German peasants were annoyed by higher taxes and lack of power. They stormed the castles and monasteries, which is known as the Peasant's war. -
1527
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Catholic mobs murdered thousands of Protestants. This massacre lasted 6 months and 12,000 Huguenots were killed. -
1534
Act of Supremacy in England
It was an oath that ruler had to take accepting Henry VIII as the head of the England's church. -
1534
Jesuit order founded
The pope created a religious order for Ignatius of Loyola's followers. They were called Jesuits and their job was to create schools, convert non-Christians to Catholics and stop the spread of Protestantism. -
1536
John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin published the book that talked about God, salvation, and human nature and how men and women are sinful by nature. -
1542
Start of Roman Inquisition
The Roman Inquisition was created to fight Protestantism, and impose religious uniformity on Jews, Muslims, and Protestants. Harsh methods of torture to force confessions and punish heresy. -
1543
Copernicus publishes On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies
-He believed in the heliocentric theory, which means the sun is in the center of the universe
-He formulated the quantity theory of money, which is where money has a direct proportional relationship with the price level. -
1545
Council of Trent
Pope III called a council of church leaders to meet in Trent, where they agreed on a set of rules for the doctrines. No changing the interpretation of the Bible, faith and good works is needed for salvation, Bible and the church are equally powerful and selling indulgences is forbidden. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
Emperor Charles V ordered protestants and catholics to meet at the City of Augsburg for each ruler to freely decide religion of their state. -
1558
Reign of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I helped restore the Anglican church that helped bring together Catholics and Protestants. -
1560
Scotland becomes Calvinist
John Knox made Calvinism the official religion of Scotland. -
Edict of Nantes
The fighting between Catholics and Huguenots ended when their leader, Henry of Navarre, became Catholic and became the king. Henry’s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants. -
Bacon publishes the Advancement of Learning
-He developed the scientific method with Descartes
-His theory is that scientific knowledge must come from the observation of nature through inductive reasoning -
Galilei publishes Starry Messenger
-He observed the solar system through a telescope
-He confirmed the idea the heliocentric theory that was created by Copernicus -
Descartes publishes Meditations on First Philosophy
-He develops analytical geometry
-Encouraged scientists to use math and logic instead of experimenting to make new observations -
Hobbes publishes Leviathon
-He creates a social contract, which is where people hand over their rights to a ruler to gain law and order
-He believed that a ruler was always needed to keep citizens in control. Government was an absolute monarchy. -
Locke publishes Two Treatises of Government
-His idea was that people can learn from experience and improve themself
-He criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government -
Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of Laws
-He creates division of government- theory of separation of laws
-He creates the political influence of climate -
Voltaire publishes Candide
-He fought for tolerance, reason, freedom or religion, and freedom of speech
-His writings gave the Founding Fathers critical concepts to create a new form of government -
Rousseau publishes The Social Contract
-He won recognition as a writer for essays
-Guaranteed in the U.S Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen