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Grammar Translation Method
It is focused on grammatical rules as the basis for translating from the second to the native language.
Main characteristics: classes are taught in the mother tongue, the vocabulary is taught in the form of lists, little or no attention is given to pronunciation, and most exercises are based on translating disconnected sentences. The mean emphasis is on learning to read and write. -
Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov
In this theory, Pavlov a Russian psychologist proposes that we learn behaviors through association where two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.
The most famous example of classical conditioning was Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs, who salivated in response to a bell tone. Pavlov showed that when a bell was sounded each time the dog was fed, the dog learned to associate the sound with the presentation of the food. -
Direct Method
It is a method that refrains from using the learners' native language and just uses the target language. The direct method operates on the idea that second language learning must be an imitation of first language learning, as this is the natural way humans learn any language. Teaching a language meant using the language. -
The Oral Approach / Situational Language Taching
It is an approach developed by British applied linguists between the 1930s and the 1960s and it is s characterized by two major features: the first is to focus on both vocabulary and reading and the analysis of English and a classification of its prominent grammatical structures into sentence patterns.
It has a behavioristic background. -
The Audiolingual Method
Developed around World War II when governments realized that they needed more people who could conduct conversations fluently in a variety of languages, work as interpreters, code-room assistants, and translators. Under this method, students listen to or view recordings of language models acting in situations in which the learner repeats structures and patterns until they became automatic -
The Silent Way methond
A discovery learning approach was invented by Caleb Gattegno. It is often considered to be one of the humanistic approaches. It is called the Silent Way because the teacher is usually silent, leaving room for the students to talk and explore the language. The students are responsible for their own learning and are encouraged to interact with one another being responsible for what they learn. The role of the teacher is to give clues to the students, not to model the language. -
Total Physical Response
Dr. James J. Asher developed the total physical response (TPR) method to help people learn new languages. The method is based on the notion that learning a second language is internalized through a codebreaking process comparable to learning a first language, and that this process allows for a long period of listening and gaining comprehension prior to output. Students respond to commands that demand them to move about physically. -
suggestopedia
This method was derived from Bulgarian psychologist Georgi Lozanov´s ideas. He thought that the brain could process great quantities of material if given the right conditions for learning, such as relaxation and giving over of control to the teacher. Music was central to this method based on the idea of how the human brain learns and works using a variated range of methods like dramatized texts, relaxation, active participation in songs and games and more -
Community Language Learning CLL
Community language learning (CLL) was originally intended for monolingual discussion classes in which the teacher-counselor spoke the learners' first language. It's a communication style based on English that's particularly learner-centered. Early on, the emphasis was on fluency. -
The Natural Approach
The Natural Approach was written by Tracy D. Terrell and Stephen Krashen and is a comprehension-based language learning method that stresses exposure and the removal of affective or emotional learning barriers. It is an example of the Communicative Approach, as Krashen and Terrell consider communication as the primary role of language, and their approach focuses on developing communicative qualities through reading aloud, questions and answers, conversation, and dictation -
The Communicative Language Teaching CLT
Communicative Language Teaching emphasizes interaction in grammar and situations. Language is contextualized and there is permanent negotiation of meaning. Students' motivation to learn comes from their desire to communicate in meaningful ways about meaningful topics. While grammatical competence is important, the fact that many learners can have a strong knowledge of grammar rules and still not be effective communicators shows that grammatical competence does not equal proficiency. -
Task Based learning
It emphasizes the use of real-world language and asks students to complete meaningful tasks in the target language. The task outcome is the primary criterion for evaluation. N. Prabhu promoted TBLL while working in Bangalore, India.
It is composed of three fundamental aspects: interactional support, with teachers and more; meaningful tasks focused on the workplace, and a positive, rich and safe learning environment in order to be able to learn.