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469 BCE
Ancient Greek Philosophy
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Period: 469 BCE to 399 BCE
Socrates
Socratic ethics, emphasis on self-knowledge and virtue -
Period: 428 BCE to 348 BCE
Plato
Platonic ethics, emphasis on the existence of objective moral truths -
Period: 384 BCE to 322 BCE
Aristotle
Aristotelian ethics, emphasis on the concept of the "golden mean" between excess and deficiency -
1225
Medieval Philosophy:
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Period: 1225 to 1274
St. Thomas Aquinas
Natural law, based on reason and human nature -
Modern Philosophy
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Period: to
Immanuel Kant
Kantian ethics, emphasis on the moral law and the autonomy of the individual -
Period: to
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism, emphasis on the greatest happiness for the greatest number -
Period: to
John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism, emphasis on the importance of individual happiness and freedom -
Period: to
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzschean ethics, rejection of traditional morality in favor of the "will to power" -
Period: to
Martin Heidegger
Heideggerian ethics, emphasis on the concept of "Being-towards-death" and authenticity -
Contemporary Philosophy
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Period: to
Jean-Paul Sartre
Existentialist ethics, emphasis on freedom and individual responsibility -
Period: to
Albert Camus
Absurdism, emphasis on the human condition of the absurd -
Period: to
Amartya Sen
Development as Freedom, emphasis on the concept of freedom as a means to the development of individuals and societies. -
Period: to
Peter Singer
Ethical theory of animal rights, emphasis on the moral consideration of non-human animals. -
Period: to
Martha Nussbaum
Capabilities Approach, emphasis on the ability to live a flourishing life. -
Period: to
Martha C. Nussbaum
Emotion and reason, emphasis on the role of emotions in ethical thinking. -
Period: to
Michael Sandel
Communitarianism, emphasis on the importance of community and tradition in shaping moral beliefs. -
Period: to
Thomas Pogge
Global justice, emphasis on the moral obligations to address global poverty and inequality. -
Period: to
Kwame Anthony Appiah
Cosmopolitanism, emphasis on the moral obligations that arise from our shared humanity.