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Jan 1, 1241
Gunpowder
The first encounter Europe had with gun powder was in the Battle of Mohi in 1241.Gunpowder was invented, documented, and used in Ancient China where the Chinese military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology (i.e. rockets, guns, cannon) and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols -
Jan 1, 1288
Firearms
The oldest surviving gun, made of bronze, has been dated to 1288 because it was discovered at a site in modern-day Acheng District, Heilongjiang, China, where the Yuan Shi records that battles were fought at that time. -
Period: Jan 1, 1300 to Dec 31, 1500
The Late Middle Ages
The Late Middle Ages was the period of European history generally comprising the 14th to the 16th century. It saw the decline of medieval civilization. Many European suffered famine, disease, and warfare during this period -
Jan 1, 1343
Geoffrey Chaucer
He was known as the father of English Literature, and is widely considered the greatest poet of the Middle Ages "Forbid us something, and that thing we desire" -
Feb 3, 1395
Johannes Gutenberg
was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded as the most important event of the modern period. -
Period: Jan 1, 1400 to
Renaissance
was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources -
Jan 1, 1450
Printing Press
The Printing Press was invented by Johannes Gutenburg in around 1450. A printing press is a device for evenly printing ink onto a print medium such as paper or cloth. The device applies pressure to a print medium that rests on an inked surface made of moveable type, thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spread of the printing press are widely regarded as among the most influential events in the second millennium. -
Jan 1, 1475
The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. -
Jan 1, 1480
Ferdinand Magellan
was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in a still disputed location in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia). -
Nov 10, 1483
Martin Luther
Was a German monk, priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation. "Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would go to pieces, I would still plant my apple tree" -
Jan 1, 1514
John Knox
John Knox was a Scottish clergyman and a leader of the Protestant Reformation who brought reformation to the church in Scotland. "No one else holds or has held the place in the heart of the world which Jesus holds. Other gods have been as devoutly worshipped; no other man has been so devoutly loved" -
Period: Jan 1, 1517 to Dec 31, 1563
The Reformation
was the 16th-century schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. It was sparked by the 1517 posting of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals, leadership and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church -
Jan 1, 1519
Fernindand Magellan Set Sail Around the World
He left Spain in 1519 with five ships and about 260 men. At first he did not tell his men where they were going because he thought they would be too frightened to obey him. -
Feb 18, 1546
Martin Luther Died
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Jan 1, 1554
Sir Walter Raleigh
was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. He is also well known for popularising tobacco in England. 'Fain would I climb, yet fear I to fall' -
Period: Jan 1, 1558 to
Elizabethan era
was the epoch in English history of Queen Elizabeth I's reign (1558–1603). Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history. The symbol of Britannia was first used in 1572 and often thereafter to mark the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national pride through classical ideals, international expansion, and naval triumph over the hated Spanish foe. -
Jan 22, 1561
Francis Bacon
was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. 'Silence is the sleep that nourishes wisdom' -
Feb 15, 1564
Galileo Galilei
Was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. "We cannot teach people anything; we can only help them discover it within themselves" -
Feb 26, 1564
Christopher Marlowe
was an English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian of his day.Works include Hero and Leander, Edward the Second, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus -
Apr 26, 1564
William Shakespeare
William Sakespeare was an English poet and playwright. Romeo and Juliet ‘But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.’ -
Jun 24, 1572
John Donne
He was an English poet, satirist, lawyer and a cleric in the Church of England. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. "Any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankind; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee" -
Nov 24, 1572
John Knox Died
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George Herbert
Was a Welsh-born English poet, orator and Anglican priest. "In conversation, humor is worth more than wit and easiness more than knowledge" -
Macbeth
is a play written by William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corroding psychological and political effects produced when its protagonist, the Scottish lord Macbeth, chooses evil as the way to fulfill his ambition for power. -
Doctor Faustus
is a play by Christopher Marlowe, based on the Faust story, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge. -
John Milton
Was an English poet, polemicist, a scholarly man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. "The mind is its own place and in itself, can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven" -
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Let me not to the marriage of true minds, is the first line of William Shakespeare's Sonnet 116. -
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
is a metaphysical poem written by John Donne.the poem is centered on a spiritual love that transcends the physical.
And though it in the center sit,
'Yet when the other far doth rome,
It leans, and hearkens after it,
And growes erect, as that comes home.' -
William Shakespeare Died
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Andrew Marvell
was an English metaphysical poet and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1659 and 1678.His poems include To His Coy Mistress, The Garden, An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland, The Mower's Song and the country house poem Upon Appleton House. -
John Donne Died
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Galileo Galilei Died
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To His Coy Mistress
is a metaphysical poem written by the English author and politician Andrew Marvell (1621–1678) either during or just before the Interregnum. -
Period: to
Age of Reason(The Enlightenment)
was a cultural movement of intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries, which began first in Europe and later in the American colonies. Its purpose was to reform society using reason, challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and advance knowledge through the scientific method. -
Period: to
Modernism
Two new approaches to knowing became dominant in the modern period. The first was empiricism (knowing through the senses) which gradually evolved into scientific empiricism or modern science with the development of modernist methodology. The second epistemological approach of this period was reason or logic. Often, science and reason were collaboratively or in conjunction with each other. -
John Milton Died
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Sextant
In the year 1731, the Sextant was invented by John Hadley. A sextant is an instrument used to measure the angle between any two visible objects. Its primary use is to determine the angle between a celestial object and the horizon which is known as the object's altitude. -
William Blake
was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. -
Automobile
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle. -
Period: to
Romanticism
was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. -
Start of The American War of Independence
Began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, but gradually grew into a world war between Britain on one side and the newly formed United States, France, Netherlands and Spain on the other. The main result was an American victory and European recognition of the independence of the United States, with mixed results for the other powers. -
Jane Austen
was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature.From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. -
End of American War of Independence
More than 25,000 American Revolutionaries died during active military service. About 8,000 of these deaths were in battle; the other 17,000 recorded deaths were from disease, including about 8,000–12,000 who died of starvation or disease brought on by deplorable conditions while prisoners of war,[105] most in rotting British prison ships in New York. -
Captain Arthur Phillip lead The First Fleet to Australia
The 11 ships of the First Fleet set sail on 13 May 1787. The leading ship, HMS Supply reached Botany Bay setting up camp on the Kurnell Peninsula,on 18 January 1788. Phillip soon decided that this site, chosen on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, who had accompanied James Cook in 1770, was not suitable, since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage and no reliable water source. After some exploration Phillip decided to go on to Port Jackson, and on 26 January the marines and convicts we -
Start of French Revolution
Was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a lasting impact on French history and more broadly throughout the world. -
Songs of Innocence
is a conceptual collection of 19 poems, engraved with artwork.The poems are each listed below:
Introduction
The Shepherd
The Echoing Green
The Lamb
The Little Black Boy
The Blossom
The Chimney Sweeper
The Little Boy lost
The Little Boy found
Laughing Song
A Cradle Song
The Divine Image
Holy Thursday
Night Spring Nurse's Song
Infant Joy
A Dream
On Another's Sorrow -
Songs of Experience
is a poetry collection of 26 poems forming the second part of William Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Experience. The poems were published in 1794 -
The Tyger(Tyger Tyger)
is a poem by the English poet William Blake. It was published as part of his collection Songs of Experience in 1794. It is one of Blake's best-known and most analyzed poems. -
End of French Revolution
The French Revolution was a time of upheaval, especially towards traditional ideology, in almost every sense: the current monarch, King Louis XVI, was executed; the Catholic Church was all but abolished; a new calendar was created; and a new Republican government was established. -
England Factory Acts
The Factory Acts were a series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to limit the number of hours worked by women and children first in the textile industry, then later in all industries. -
Alexandre Dumas
was a French writer, best known for his historical novels of high adventure. Translated into nearly 100 languages, these have made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world. Many of his novels, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, -
William Makepeace Thackeray
was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of English society. -
Charles Dickens
was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's most memorable fictional characters and is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period.The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (Monthly serial, April 1836 to November 1837)The Adventures of Oliver Twist (Monthly serial in Bentley's Miscellany, February 1837 to April 1839) -
Pride and Prejudice
is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813. The story follows the main character Elizabeth Bennet as she deals with issues of manners, upbringing, morality and education -
Charlotte Brontë
was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood, whose novels are English literature standards. She wrote Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell. -
Frankenstein
is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment -
Emily Brontë
was an English novelist and poet, best remembered for her solitary novel, Wuthering Heights, now considered a classic of English literature. Emily was the third eldest of the four surviving Brontë siblings. -
Tess of the d'Urbervilles
is a novel by Thomas Hardy,The novel is set in impoverished rural Wessex during the Long Depression. Tess is the oldest child of John and Joan Durbeyfield, uneducated rural peasants. One day, Parson Tringham informs John that he has noble blood. -
George Eliot (Mary Anne Eliot)
was an English novelist, journalist and translator, and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871–72), and Daniel Deronda (1876), -
United States Male Suffrage
Is a form of voting rights in which all adult males within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. -
Leo Tolstoy
was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays. His Novels Include War and Peace and Anna Karenina and novellas such as Hadji Murad and The Death of Ivan Ilyich. -
Education is Compulsory Australia
Education became compulsory in Australia during the 1930s -
Louisa May Alcott
was an American novelist best known as author of the novel Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boys.[ -
Mark Twain
was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885 -
Period: to
The Victorian era
was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence for Britain.[ -
Thomas Hardy
was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist, in the tradition of George Eliot, he was also influenced both in his novels and poetry by Romanticism, especially by William Wordsworth.Initially therefore he gained fame as the author of such novels as Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). -
The Three Musketeers
is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, first serialized in March–July 1844. Set in the 17th century, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan -
The Count of Monte Cristo
is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is one of the author's most popular works, along with The Three Musketeers. -
Jane Eyre
is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published on 16 October 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. of London, England, under the pen name "Currer Bell." The first American edition was released the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. -
Wuthering Heights
is a novel by Emily Brontë, Its core theme is the enduring love between the heroine, Catherine Earnshaw, and her father's adopted son, Heathcliff and how it eventually destroys their lives and the lives of those around them. -
David Copperfield
David Copperfield is the common name of the eighth novel by Charles Dickens, first published as a novel in 1850. Its full title is The Personal History, Adventures, Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery (Which He Never Meant to Publish on Any Account) -
Robert Louis Stevenson
Was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. His most famous works are Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. "Judge each day not by the harvest you reap but by the seeds you plant" -
Oscar Wilde
was an Irish writer and poet.At the turn of the 1890s, he refined his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays, and incorporated themes of decadence, duplicity, and beauty into his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) -
Australia Male Suffrage
This gave all men over the age of 21 the right to vote. -
George Bernard Shaw
was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism. Novels he wrote includes:
Immaturity
Cashel Byron's Profession
An Unsocial Socialist
The Irrational Knot
Love Among the Artists -
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
was a Scottish physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger. -
The Mill on the Floss
is a novel by George Eliot, The novel details the lives of Tom and Maggie Tulliver, a brother and sister growing up at Dorlcote Mill on the River Floss at its junction with the more minor River Ripple near the village of St. Ogg's in Lincolnshire, England. Both the river and the village are fictional. -
Start of American Civil War
Was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 between the United States and several Southern slave states that had declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America. -
End of American Civil War
The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties , including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, and 50,000 civilians. Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000, 20% higher than traditionally estimated, and possibly as high as 850,000. -
Little Women
is a novel by American author Louisa May Alcott. The book was written and set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House, in Concord, Massachusetts. -
War and Peace
is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature.War and Peace delineates in graphic detail events surrounding the French invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. -
Period: to
Social Realism
Social Realism, an international art movement, refers to the work of painters, printmakers, photographers and film makers who draw attention to the everyday conditions of the working classes and the poor, and who are critical of the social structures that maintain these conditions. -
Lucy Maud Montgomery
was a Canadian author best known for a series of novels beginning with Anne of Green Gables, published in 1908. Anne of Green Gables was an immediate success. 'Tomorrow is always fresh, with no mistakes in it.' -
New Zealand Male Suffrage
This gave all European men, regardless of whether they owned or rented property, over the age of 21, the right to vote -
Education is Compulsary England
The Elementary Education Act 1880 insisted on compulsory attendance from 5–10 years.[10] For poorer families, ensuring their children attended school proved difficult, as it was more tempting to send them working if the opportunity to earn an extra income was available. Attendance Officers often visited the homes of children who failed to attend school, which often proved to be ineffective. -
James Joyce
was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), -
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
is a novel by Mark Twain,The book is noted for its colorful description of people and places along the Mississippi River. Satirizing a Southern antebellum society that had ceased to exist about twenty years before the work was published, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an often scathing look at entrenched attitudes, particularly racism. -
Kidnapped
is a historical fiction adventure novel by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. Written as a "boys' novel" and first published in the magazine Young Folks from May to July 1886, the novel has attracted the praise and admiration of writers as diverse as Henry James, Jorge Luis Borges, and Seamus Heaney. -
T. S. Eliot
was a publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and "arguably the most important English-language poet of the 20th century".The poem that made his name, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock—started in 1910 and published in Chicago in 1915 -
Women Get Right to Vote New Zealand
New Zealand's Electoral Act of 19 September 1893 made this country of the British Empire the first in the world to grant women the right to vote in parliamentary elections. -
The Hound of the Baskervilles
The Hound of the Baskervilles is the third of four crime novels by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes. -
Women Get the Right to Vote Australia
The Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 was an Act of the Parliament of Australia which defined who was allowed to vote in Australian federal elections. The Act granted Australian women the right to vote at a national level, and to stand for election to the Parliament. -
Period: to
Postmodernism
-
World War One Begins
World War I (WWI) was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914, It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy -
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
is a poem by T. S. Eliot, Described as a "drama of literary anguish," it presents a dramatic interior monologue, and marked the beginning of Eliot's career as an influential poet. With its weariness, regret, embarrassment, longing, emasculation, sexual frustration, sense of decay, and awareness of mortality, "Prufrock" has become one of the most recognized voices in modern literature. -
England Male Suffrage
All men over the age of 21 were given the right to vote in 1918. -
Women Get Right to Vote United Kingdom
On 6 February, the Representation of the People Act 1918 was passed, enfranchising women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications. About 8.4 million women gained the vote. -
World War One Ended
The war had profound economic consequences. Of the 60 million European soldiers who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918, 8 million were killed, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria–Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5% -
Women Get Right to Vote United States
In 1920 with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provided: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." -
The Sniper
is a short story by Irish writer Liam O'Flaherty, set during the early weeks of the Irish Civil War. -
World War Two Begins
World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that was underway by 1939, It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. -
World War Two Ends
Estimates for the total casualties of the war vary, because many deaths went unrecorded. Most suggest that some 75 million people died in the war, including about 20 million soldiers and 40 million civilians. Many civilians died because of disease, starvation, massacres, bombing and deliberate genocide. -
Terry Pratchett
is an English author of fantasy novels, especially comical works.He is best known for the Discworld series of about 40 volumes. Pratchett's first novel, The Carpet People, was published in 1971, and since his first Discworld novel (The Colour of Magic) was published in 1983, he has written two books a year on average. -
Vietnam War Begins
The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam) was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 -
Neil Armstrong Walked on The Moon
Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first humans, Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, on the Moon on July 20, 1969, -
Mobile Phone
A Mobile Phone is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. -
Vietnam War Ends
195,000–430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war 50,000–65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam lost between 171,331 and 220,357 men during the war. The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974. Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. -
First Gulf War Begins
The Gulf War, codenamed Operation Desert Storm,was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized Coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. -
First Gulf War Ends
The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the U.S. Congress to be $61.1 billion. About $52 billion of that amount was paid by other countries: $36 billion by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf; $16 billion by Germany and Japan -
Callum Snow
Callum Snow was born in Geelong, Australia on 4th Feburary 1999 he had one older brother Cody and had lovely parents, tracey and Douglas Snow
