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Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
In the last 3 years of his life, Vygotsky coined the "Zone of Proximal Development" or ZPD. It is defined as the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance. That is where optimal learning happens. -
B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning
In 1954, B.F. Skinner published "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching," which focused on the idea that learning is a function that happens in response to a stimuli. Reinforcement is important to sustain the changed behavior. This is referred to as "operant conditioning." -
Bloom's Taxonomy
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom organized/distinguished the different levels of human cognition. There are six different classification levels: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation. Comprehension being basic understanding and evaluation being complex/deep. -
Gagné's Categories of Learning
In 1965, Gagné published "The Conditions of Learning." In which, he identified five major categories of learning: verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. -
ADDIE
In the 1970s, Florida State University’s Center for Educational Technology created this learning model for a military training project by the US armed forces. It is an acronym for the parts of the instructional design process: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. -
Kemp, Morrison and Ross Model
In 1994, Kemp, Morrison, and Ross modified Kemp's 1985 model for instructional design. This model for ID shows the process is continuous and the steps are intermingled. -
SAM Model
In 2012, Dr. Michael Allen coined this simplified version of ADDIE: Successive Approximation Model (SAM). The goal was to generate working models and gain feedback earlier in the process to speed it up.