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In the last 3 years of his life, Vygotsky coined the "Zone of Proximal Development" or ZPD. It is defined as the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance. That is where optimal learning happens. -
In 1954, B.F. Skinner published "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching," which focused on the idea that learning is a function that happens in response to a stimuli. Reinforcement is important to sustain the changed behavior. This is referred to as "operant conditioning." -
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom organized/distinguished the different levels of human cognition. There are six different classification levels: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation. Comprehension being basic understanding and evaluation being complex/deep. -
In 1965, Gagné published "The Conditions of Learning." In which, he identified five major categories of learning: verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. -
In the 1970s, Florida State University’s Center for Educational Technology created this learning model for a military training project by the US armed forces. It is an acronym for the parts of the instructional design process: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. -
In 1994, Kemp, Morrison, and Ross modified Kemp's 1985 model for instructional design. This model for ID shows the process is continuous and the steps are intermingled. -
In 2012, Dr. Michael Allen coined this simplified version of ADDIE: Successive Approximation Model (SAM). The goal was to generate working models and gain feedback earlier in the process to speed it up.